Passenger ship
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A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers, such as the ubiquitous twelve-passenger freighters once common on the seas in which the transport of passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight. The type does however include many classes of ships which are designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight. Indeed, until recently virtually all ocean liners were able to transport mail, package freight and express, and other cargo in addition to passenger luggage, and were equipped with cargo holds and derricks, kingposts, or other cargo-handling gear for that purpose. Only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise ships has this cargo capacity been suppressed.
While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine, passenger ships have also been used as troopships and often are commissioned as naval ships when used as for that purpose.
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[edit] Types of Passenger Ships
Passenger ships include ferries, which are vessels for day or overnight short-sea trips moving passengers and vehicles (whether road or rail); ocean liners, which typically are passenger or passenger-cargo vessels transporting passengers and often cargo on longer line voyages; and cruise ships, which typically transport passengers on round-trips, in which the trip itself and the attractions of the ship and ports visited are the principal draw.
An ocean liner is the traditional form of passenger ship. Once such liners operated on scheduled line voyages to all inhabited parts of the world. With the advent of airliners transporting passengers and specialized cargo vessels hauling freight, line voyages have almost died out. But with their decline came an increase in sea trips for pleasure, and in the latter part of the 20th century ocean liners gave way to cruise ships as the predominant form of large passenger ship.
Although some ships have characteristics of both types, the design priorities of the two forms are different: ocean liners value speed and traditional luxury while cruise ships value amenities (swimming pools, theaters, ball rooms, casinos, sports facilities, etc.) rather than speed. These priorities produce different designs. In addition, ocean liners typically were built to cross the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the United States or travel even further to South America or Asia while cruise ships typically serve shorter routes with more stops along coastlines or among various islands.
For a long time cruise ships were never as large as the old ocean liners had been, but in the 1980s this changed when Knut Kloster, the director of Norwegian Caribbean Lines, bought one of the biggest surviving liners, the France, and transformed her into a huge cruise ship, which he renamed the Norway. Her success showed that there was a market for large cruise ships. Successive classes of ever-larger ships were ordered, until the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth was finally dethroned from her 56-year reign as the largest passenger ship in the world.
Both RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (1969) and her successor as Cunard's flagship Queen Mary 2, which entered service in 2004, are of hybrid construction. Like transatlantic ocean liners, they are fast ships and strongly built to withstand the rigors of the North Atlantic in line voyage service.[1] But both ships are also designed to operate as cruise ships, with the amenities expected in that trade. QM2 superseded the Explorer of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built, and in turn was surpassed by Royal Caribbean's cruise ship Freedom of the Seas. The latter ship and her sisters will in turn be superseded by ships of the Genesis class scheduled for delivery starting in 2009. [2]
[edit] Measures of Size of Passenger Ships
By convention and long usage, the size of civilian passenger ships is measured by gross tonnage, which is a measure of enclosed volume. Gross tonnage is not a measure of weight, although the two concepts are often confused. Weight is measured by displacement, which is the conventional means of measuring naval vessels. Often a passenger ship is stated to "weigh" or "displace" a certain "tonnage", but the figure given nearly always refers to gross tons.
While a high displacement can indicate better seakeeping abilities [3], it has been suggested that gross tonnage is the most important measure of size for passengers, and that the ratio of gross tonnage per passenger gives a sense of the spaciousness of a ship-- an important consideration in cruise liners where the onboard amenities are of high importance. [4][5]
Gross tonnage normally is a much higher value than displacement. This was not always the case. As the functions, engineering and architecture of ships have changed, the gross tonnage figures of the largest passenger ships have risen substantially, while the displacements of such ships have not. RMS Titanic, with a gross tonnage of 46,329 but a displacement reported at over 52,000 tons [6], was heavier than contemporary 100,000 - 110,000 gross ton cruise ships which displace around 50,000 tons. [7] Similarly, the Cunard Line's RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth of approximately 81,000 - 83,000 gross tons but displacements of over 80,000 tons [8], do not differ significantly in displacement from their new 151,400 gross ton successor, RMS Queen Mary 2, which has been estimated to displace approximately 76,000 tons[9],or from the even newer 158,000 gross ton Freedom of the Seas which is also estimated to displace in the range of 75 - 80,000 tons. [10] Indeed, not until the 2009 launch of the first of the Genesis class ships, which is projected to displace about 100,000 tons [11], will there be a passenger ship which clearly surpasses the Cunard Queens of the 1930s in displacement. But by the conventional and historical measure of gross tonnage there has been a recent dramatic increase in the size of the largest new ships. The Genesis ships will measure 220,000 gross tons, over four times larger than Titanic and twice as large as the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s.
[edit] List of largest passenger ships of their time
| Year | Name | Gross tonnage | Company | Flag |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1819 | SS Savannah | 320 BRT | Savannah Steamship Company | USA |
| 1831 | SS Royal William | 540 BRT | St. John & Halifax Steam Navigation Company | CDN |
| 1838 | SS Great Western | 1340 BRT | Great Western Steamship Company | UK |
| 1839 | SS British Queen | 1862 BRT | British & American Steam Navigation Company | UK |
| 1840 | SS President | 2366 BRT | British & American Steam Navigation Company | UK |
| 1845 | SS Great Britain | 3270 BRT | Great Western Steamship Company | UK |
| 1853 | SS Himalaya | 3438 BRT | P & O Steam Navigation Company Ltd. | UK |
| 1853 | SS Atrato | 3466 BRT | Royal Mail Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1857 | SS Adriatic | 4145 BRT | New York & Liverpool United States Mail S.S. Co. (Collins) | USA |
| 1858 | SS Great Eastern | 18915 BRT | Eastern Steam Navigation Company | UK |
| 1867 | RMS Great Republic | 4352 BRT | Pacific Mail Steamship Company Inc. | USA |
| 1871 | RMS Egypt | 4670 BRT | National Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1873 | RMS City of Chester | 4770 BRT | Inman Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1874 | RMS Britannic (I) | 5008 BRT | White Star Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1875 | SS City of Berlin | 5526 BRT | Inman Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1881 | SS Servia | 7391 BRT | Cunard Line | UK |
| 1881 | SS City of Rome | 8415 BRT | Inman Line | UK |
| 1888 | SS City of New York | 10499 BRT | Inman Line | UK |
| 1893 | RMS Campania | 12950 BRT | Cunard Line | UK |
| 1893 | RMS Lucania | 12952 BRT | Cunard Line | UK |
| 1897 | SS Pennsylvania | 13023 BRT | Hapag | D |
| 1897 | Kaisr Wilhelm der Große | 14349 BRT | Norddeutscher Lloyd | D |
| 1899 | RMS Oceanic | 17274 BRT | White Star Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1901 | RMS Celtic | 21035 BRT | White Star Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1905 | SS Amerika | 22225 BRT | Hapag | D |
| 1905 | RMS Baltic | 23876 BRT | White Star Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1906 | Kaiserin Auguste Victoria | 24581 BRT | Hapag | D |
| 1907 | RMS Lusitania | 31550 BRT | Cunard Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1907 | RMS Mauretania | 31938 BRT | Cunard Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1911 | RMS Olympic | 45234 BRT | White Star Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1912 | RMS Titanic | 46329 BRT | White Star Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1913 | Imperator | 52117 BRT | Hapag | D |
| 1914 | Vaterland | 54282 BRT | Hapag | D |
| 1922 | RMS Majestic (ex Bismarck) | 56551 BRT | White Star Line Ltd. | UK |
| 1923 | Leviathan (ex Vaterland) | 59956 BRT | United States Lines Inc. | USA |
| 1935 | SS Normandie | 79280 BRT | Compagnie Générale Transatlantique S.A. | F |
| 1936 | RMS Queen Mary | 80774 BRT | Cunard-White Star Ltd. | UK |
| 1936 | SS Normandie (after reconstruction) | 83423 BRT | Compagnie Générale Transatlantique S.A. | F |
| 1940 | RMS Queen Elizabeth | 83673 BRT | Cunard-White Star Ltd. | UK |
| 1996 | Carnival Destiny | 101509 BRZ | Carnival Cruise Line Inc. | USA |
| 1997 | Grand Princess | 108865 BRZ | P & O Princess Cruises Ltd. | UK/USA |
| 1999 | Voyager of the Seas | 137276 BRT | Royal Caribbean International | N/USA |
| 2000 | Explorer of the Seas | 137308 BRT | Royal Caribbean International | N/USA |
| 2004 | RMS Queen Mary 2 | 148528 BRT | Cunard Line Ltd. | UK |
| 2006 | Freedom of the Seas | 158000 BRT | Royal Caribbean International | N/USA |
The Great Eastern of 1858 was not superseded in gross tonnage until 1901. She was converted to a cable laying ship after only a few voyages as a passenger ship.
[edit] References
- Durand, Jean-François. Autour du Monde Paquebots. Cruise ships around the world. Editions marines, 1996. [bilingual text]
- Marin, Pierre-Henri. Les paquebots, ambassadeurs des mers. Paris: Gallimard, 1989.
