Paris Gun
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The Paris Gun (German: Parisgeschütz) was the name of an artillery piece with which the Germans bombarded Paris during World War I. This oversized railway gun was used from March to August 1918. When it was used, Parisians believed they were being bombed by an airship, because neither the sound of an airplane nor of a gun could be heard. It was the largest gun used during the war, and is considered to be a supergun.
Also called the "Kaiser Wilhelm Geschütz" (Kaiser Wilhelm Gun), it is often confused with Big Bertha, the howitzer used by the Germans against the Liège forts in 1914, and indeed the French called it by this name as well. It is also confused with the smaller "Langer Max" (Long Max) cannons from which it was derived. Although the famous Krupp-family artillery makers produced all these guns, the resemblance ended there.
As a military weapon the gun was not a great success: the payload was minuscule, the barrel had to be regularly replaced, and the accuracy was only good enough for city-sized targets. However, the German objective was to build a psychological weapon to attack the morale of the Parisians; not to destroy the city itself.
It was later one of the inspirations of Gerald Bull in his work on advanced artillery; he researched the history of the Paris Gun and published an extensive book about it.
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[edit] Description
The Paris Gun was a weapon like no other, but its exact capabilities are not known, and all figures available are approximate. This is due to the weapon's apparent total destruction by the Germans in the face of the Allied offensive. Figures stated for the weapon's size, range and performance may vary widely depending on the source — not even the number of shells fired is certain.
It was capable of hurling a 94-kilogram (210 lb) shell to a range of 130 kilometres (81 mi) and a maximum altitude of 40 km (20 mi) — the greatest height reached by a human-made projectile until the first successful V-2 flight test in October 1942.
At the start of its 170-second trajectory, each shell from the Paris Gun reached a speed of 1,600 metres per second (5,200 ft/s) (almost five times the speed of sound).
The gun itself, which weighed 256 tons and was mounted on rails, had a 28 metre (92 ft) long, 210 millimetre (8.3 in) caliber rifled barrel with a 6 m (20 ft) long smoothbore extension.
Originally conceived as a naval weapon, the gun was manned by a crew of 80 Kriegsmarine sailors under the command of an admiral, and was surrounded by several batteries of standard army artillery to create a "noise-screen" around the big gun so that it could not be located by French and British spotters. The projectile reached so high it was the first man-made object to reach the altitude of the stratosphere, thus virtually eliminating drag from air resistance, allowing the shell to achieve a range of over 130 km (80 mi). The shells were propelled at such high velocity that each successive shot wore away a considerable amount of steel from the rifle bore. Each shell was sequentially numbered according to its increasing diameter, and had to be fired in numeric order lest the projectile lodge in the bore and the gun explode. After 65 shells had been fired, each of progressively larger caliber to allow for wear, the barrel was rebored to a caliber of 240 millimeters (9.4 in).
The Paris Gun was the largest gun built at the time, but it was surpassed in all respects but range in World War II by the Schwerer Gustav. The unfinished V-3 cannon and Iraqi super gun would have been bigger still.
[edit] Use in World War I
The gun was fired from the forest of Coucy and the first shell landed at 7.18 a.m. on March 21, 1918. Only when sufficient shell fragments had been collected was it realized that the explosion had come from a shell.
The Paris gun was used to shell Paris at a range of 75 miles (120 km). The distance was so far that the Coriolis effect — the rotation of the earth — was substantial enough to affect trajectory calculations. The gun was fired at an azimuth of 232 degrees (west-southwest) from Crépy-en Laon, which was at a latitude of 49.5 degrees North. The gunners had to account for the fact that the projectiles landed 393 m (1,290 ft) short and 1,343 m (4,406 ft) to the right of where it would have hit if there were no Coriolis effect.
A total of 320–367 shells were fired, killing 250 people and wounding 620, as well as causing considerable damage to property. 20 shells were fired an hour on a good day.
The gun was taken back to Germany in August 1918 as Allied advances threatened its security. The gun was never seen by the Allies; near the end of the war it is believed that it was completely destroyed by the Germans. One spare mounting was captured by American troops near Chateau-Thierry, but no gun was ever found.
[edit] Legacy
The Paris Gun holds a significant place in the history of astronautics. In the 1930s, the German Army became interested in rockets for long range artillery as a replacement for the Paris Gun--which was specifically banned under the Versailles Treaty.
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- Henry W. Miller, The Paris Gun: The Bombardment of Paris by the German Long Range Guns and the Great German Offensive of 1918, Jonathan Cape, Harrison Smith, New York, 1930
- Gerald V. Bull, Charles H. Murphy, Paris Kanonen: The Paris Guns (Wilhelmgeschutze) and Project HARP, E. S. Mittler, Herford, 1988
[edit] External links
- The Paris Gun in the First World War.com Encyclopedia
- Paris Gun at S. Berliner, III's ORDNANCE
- The K5E German WWII Railway Gun
