Parameswara (sultan)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Parameswara | |
|---|---|
 An artist impression of Parameswara (Sultan Iskandar Shah)
|
|
| Born | 1344 Palembang, Srivijaya |
| Died | 1424 Malacca, Sultanate of Melaka |
Parameswara (1344-1424) was a Malay prince from Srivijaya that founded the Sultanate of Malacca around 1402. Sejarah Melayu alleges that Parameswara was a descendant of Alexander the Great of Macedonia. In 1414 at the age of 70, he converted into Islam from Hinduism after his marriage with Malik ul Salih of Pasai's princess. Upon conversion, he styled himself as Sultan Iskandar Shah.
Contents |
[edit] Origins
Raden Wijaya, the first king (1293-1309) of Majapahit was married to Sri Gayatri Rajapatni, a daughter of Sri Kertanegara, the last king (1268-1292) of Singhasari Kingdom, and had a daughter Tribuana Tunggadewi, the third leader/queen (1326-1350) of Majapahit. She married Kertawardana, and had a daughter: Iswari. She married Singawardana, and had a daughter: Sarawardani. She married Ranamenggala, and had a son: Parameswara who was born in 1344 during the reign of his great grandmother, Tribuana Tunggadewi, the third leader/queen of Majapahit.
[edit] From Palembang to Malacca
In the 14th century, Srivijaya was losing its influence and faced threats from various corners of the Malay Archipelago. Around the same time, the Majapahit empire centered in Java was expanding its borders beyond the island. The Srivijaya empire had previously controlled Java but it was driven out of the island earlier in 1290 by Singhasari, a predecessor to Majapahit. As a result, Srivijaya had to move its court from Palembang on the bank of Musi River in southern Sumatra to Malayu (now Jambi province) on Hari River bank (Batang Hari). Although the royal court is moved to Malayu, Palembang remained an important imperial city. Some time in the later half of the 14th century, Majapahit sent its navy towards Palembang and Malayu, thus conquering the city. This invasion ended a 1000-year old empire.
Parameswara lived in Palembang as a prince within the Srivijayan empire but conquest forced him and many others to flee Palembang. Parameswara in particular sailed to Temasek to escape persecution and came under the protection of Temagi, Siamese regent in Temasek. He later became a regent there for five years after killing Temagi. It was not long before he had to leave Temasek due to threats from Siam.
He later headed north to found a new settlement. Muar was one of the more important places which he had visited before reaching the location of modern day Malacca Town. According to the Malay Annals, it was here that he witnessed a mouse deer outwitting a dog while resting under a Malacca tree. He took what he saw as a good omen and decided to establish a kingdom called Malacca.
[edit] Friendship with Ming
The diplomatic relations started in the early 1400s when Parameswara embarked on several voyages to China to visit emperor Yongle. He was escorted by Zheng He, Yin Qing and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's diplomatic relationships with Ming granted protection to Malacca against attacks from Siam and Majapahit. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major entrepot on the trade route between China and India, Middle East, Africa and Europe.
According to the original script of Ming chronicle, chapter 325: Envoy Yin Qing was sent to Malacca to grant golden silk plait and golden lace veil. Yin Qing reported that no kingdom had been established and there was no king, while an annual tax 40 golds was paid to Siam. Chieftain Pai-li-mi-su-la rejoiced greatly and Yin Qing brought him to China for the traditional tributary. The emperor praised and made him King of Man-la-ka, granted him the Imperial seal, colored-money, a complete set of suit and the yellow regal umbrella. The Malaccan envoy replied that the “king (Parameswara) is admiring and willing to pay annual tribute, please grant the hill as the city of the kingdom." The emperor agreed, and granted the inscription of imperial poetry embellished onto stone tablet to the hill (where hill means Malacca).
In the fifth year, Zheng He together with King, his wife and 540 officials arrived. Upon arriving, a grand welcoming party was held. Animals were sacrificed, Parameswara was granted a two-piece gold-embroidered clothing with dragon motifs, Kylin robe, gold and silverwares, silk lace bed quilt, and gifts to all officials and followers. Upon returning home, Parameswara was granted the jade belt, brace, saddle, and coroneted suit to the wife. Upon reaching the heaven’s gate (China), Parameswara was again granted jade belt, brace, saddle, a hundred gold & platinum, 400,000 banknotes, 2600 cash, 300 pieces of silk brocade voile, 1000 pieces of silk, 2 pieces of whole gold plait, 2 pieces of knee-length gown with gold threads woven through sleeves….
Tributes that Malacca paid to Ming included: agate, carnelian, pearl, hawksbill, coral, crane peak, golden female crane peak, suit, white cloth, Western fabric, Sa-ha-la, rhino horn, ivory, black bear, black ape, white muntjac, turkey, parrot, pian-nao, rosebush dew, su-he oil, gardenia flower, wu-ye-ni, aromatic wood, incense sticks, gold silver incense sticks.
[edit] Parameswara's trading port
The arrival of Zheng He (Hajji Mahmud) and his marriage with a princess of Pasai led to an unprecedented success in the history of the Malay people and Malay culture. Melaka grew into an international trading port and heralded the golden age of Nusantara Islam. 80 languages were reportedly spoken in Malacca: Moors of Cairo, Mecca, Aden, Abyssinians, men of Kilwa, Malindi, Ormuz, Parsees, Rumes, Turks, Turkomans, Christian Armenians, Gujarati, men of Chaul, Dabhol, Goa, of the kingdom of Deccan, Malabars and Klings, merchants from Orissa, Ceylon, Bengal, Arakan, Pegu, Siamese, men of Kedah, Malays, men of Pahang, Patani, Cambodia, Champa, Cochin China, Chinese, Lequeos, men of Brunei, Lucoes, men of Tamjompura, Laue, Banka, Linga (they have a thousand other islands), Moluccas, Banda, Bima, Timor, Madura, Java, Sunda, Palembang, Jambi, Tongkal, Indragiri, Kappatta, Minangkabau, Siak, Arqua (Arcat?), Aru, Bata, country of the Tomjano, Pase (Pasai?), Pedir, Maldives.
Malacca became an important port in the far east during the 16th century. It became so rich that the Portuguese writer and trader Duarte Barbosa said "He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice".
[edit] Post-Parameswara
Parameswara's Sultanate of Malacca (as a prosperous international port) changed the entire Malay Archipelago. Its success was admired by kings from neighbouring kingdoms. Melaka's dominance in the region also influenced the spread of Islam in the Malay Archipelago. In 1447, Kertawijaya became King of Majapahit and converted to Islam on the advice of his wife, Darawati, a princess of Champa. The nephew of Kertawijaya, Sunan Ampel works to spread Islam around Surabaya, and around the same time, Palembang converted to Islam. In 1459, Sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca sent Tun Perak to conquer Kedah and Pahang. Pahang became an Islamic sultanate under Malacca. In 1470, Dai-Viet captured Vijaya, the capital of Champa, killing 60,000 Cham and caused a mass Cham emigration to Malacca and Cambodia. The Islamic Kingdom of Demak was founded in 1478 by Raden Patah, son of King Kertawijaya by a Chinese wife. An Islamic Sultanate was founded at Cirebon too.
[edit] References
- The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages & Literature, edited by Prof. Dato' Dr Asmah Haji Omar (2004) ISBN 981-3018-52-6
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- The history of spices is the history of trade
- Parameswara at Sejarah Melayu
- Malacca Genealogy by Christopher Buyers
- Beyond the Monsoon
- Tomé Pires, Suma Oriental
- Genealogy of Malacca Sultanate
- The Travels Of Marco Polo
- Early Trade and Civilization
- TED Case Studies
- 郑和与满剌加三代国王 (Zheng He and Malacca Empire)
- The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither - by Isabella L. Bird
[edit] Discussions
| Preceded by: Srivijaya - Sam Agi |
Sultan of Malacca 1402–1424 |
Succeeded by: Muhammad Shah |
