Panagia

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13th c. Great Panagia from Yaroslavl.

Panagia (Greek: Παναγία, All-holy), also Panayia or Panaghia, is one of the titles of Mary, the mother of Jesus, used especially in Orthodox Christianity.

If Mary is honored as Theotokos, so too, she is honored because she is Panagia All-Holy. She is the supreme example of the cooperation between God and Man; for God, Who always respects human freedom, did not become incarnate without her free consent which, as Holy Scripture tells us, was freely given: Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord; let it be to me according to your word (Luke 1:38). Thus Mary is seen by the Church as the New Eve (as Christ is the New Adam) whose perfect obedience contrasted the disobedience of the First Mother, Eve, in Paradise. As St. Irenaeus says, the knot of Eve's disobedience was loosed through the obedience of Mary; for what Eve, a virgin, bound by her unbelief, that Mary, a virgin, unloosed by her faith [Against the Heresies, III, xxii, 4]. (A Monk of St. Tikhon's Monastery (Comp. & Ed.) (1986). These Truths We Hold - The Holy Orthodox Church: Her Life and Teachings. South Canaan: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press. ISBN 1-878997-32-7)

There are many Orthodox churches dedicated to Mary that are called Panagia; for example, this one.

1 Iconography
2 Vestment
3 Blessed bread
4 Names
5 Reference

[edit] Iconography

Panagia is also the term for a particular type of icon of the Theotokos, facing the viewer directly, usually depicted full length with her hands in the orans position, and with the image of Christ as a child in front of her chest [1]. This type of icon is also sometimes called Platytera (Greek: Πλατυτέρα, literally wider or more spacious); poetically, by containing the Creator of the Universe in her womb, Mary has become Platytera ton ouranon (Πλατυτέρα των Ουρανών): "More spacious than the heavens". This type is also sometimes called the Virgin of the Sign or Our Lady of the Sign, a reference to Isaiah 7:14 ("Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel"). Such an image is often placed in the apse of the sanctuary of an Orthodox church above the altar [2].

As with most Orthodox icons of Mary, the letters ΜΡ ΘΥ (short for ΜΗΤΗΡ ΘΕΟΥ, Mother of God) are usually placed on the left and right parts of the icon.

[edit] Vestment

18th c. Byzantine-style bronze panagia from Jerusalem

By extension of this last sense, a panagia can also be an engolpion with an icon of the Theotokos, worn by an Orthodox bishop. They can be very simple [3] or extremely elaborate [4][5], depending on the personal taste of the particular bishop.

When an Orthodox bishop is vested for the Divine Liturgy or another service, he wears a panagia and a pectoral cross over his other vestments [6]. The primate of an autocephalous church, when fully vested, wears a panagia, a pectoral cross, and an engolpion of Jesus [7]. Bishops of all ranks when not vested will usually wear the panagia alone over their riassa [8]; this is often the detail that, to the casual observer, distinguishes a bishop from a priest or a monk.

[edit] Blessed bread

Panagia may also refer to prosphora which is solemnly blessed (αρτος της παναγιας) in honor of the Theotokos during the Divine Liturgy, a practice today usually only performed in Greek monasteries. This bread is blessed over the holy table, before the blessing of the antidoron, with the phrase "Great is the name of the Holy Trinity." After the liturgy, the bread is distributed to those assembled; see prosphora for details.

[edit] Names

There are several islands and villages in Greece named Panagia. Many of these take their name from the churches and monasteries there, which are dedicated to Mary. For example, see Panagia Village on Thassos and the nearby Panagia Island. See also:

Panagia, Cyprus.
Panagia, Chalcidice
Panagia Khaldeon

From "Panaghia" derive the common Greek given names Panaghiota (feminine; pronunciation: Pah-nah-YAW-tah; common diminutive: Ghiota) and Panaghiotis (masculine; pronunciation: Pah-nah-YAW-tees; common diminutive: Panos). Both names signify that the person is named in honor of Mary, mother of Jesus and consequently their namedays are celebrated as if they were named Mary or Marios.