Palatine (Kingdom of Hungary)
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The palatine (Latin: comes palatii, comes palatinus, later: palatinus (regni), Hungarian: nádorispán/ nádor, Slovak: nádvorný župan/ nádvorný špán, later: palatín / nádvorník, German: Palatin) was the highest dignitary in the Kingdom of Hungary after the king (a kind of powerful prime minister and supreme judge) from the kingdom's rise up to 1848/1918.
Initially, he was in fact the representative of the king, later the vice-regent (viceroy). Initially, he was appointed by the king, later elected by the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary.
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[edit] Name
The Latin word palatinus means approximately imperial, royal, and comes was a noble title having a number of meanings. The Hungarian word nádorispán is derived from the Slovak/Slavic na dvor špan meaning approximately "At-the-Court count."
[edit] History
[edit] Middle Ages
When the proto-Magyars settled in the Carpathian Basin after 900, the function existed already in Great Moravia and in the neighbouring East Frankish Empire.
Initially (after 900) the palatine was the leader (administrator, manager) of the curia regis (Court of the king in terms of persons and institutions); he was responsible for the functioning of the Court, for its economy and internal order. From 1002 onwards, leading members of the supreme nobility (the oligarchs) held the function. He was responsible for the royal properties ("courts", Hungarian: udvarok, Slovak: dvorce) scattered in the country with their "court" peasants (Hungarian: udvarnokok, Slovak: dvorníci; people specialised in various skills who provided services, food and products for "courts" of the king or courts of oligarchs).
From the 12th century onwards, the palatine was also a representative of the king in judicial affairs. He was the judge of all "free" persons (oligarchs, servientes regis, hospites and other land owners), especially the judge of the nobles outside the capital, but in 1222 nobles were exempt from his jurisdiction. He was also the judge of the Jászok (Alans), of the Cumanians and of the Jews.
From 1200, he was also the comes of several counties, thus being entitled to one third of the county taxes. From the 13th century, his deputy (vicepalatinus) was based in Pest (around 1300 temporarily in Old Buda), where he was simultaneously the county leader of the Pest county and judge of the middle nobility.
The Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary of 1455 and 1456 issued the decree "De officio Palatinus", which guaranteed the palatine's position as the representative of the king.
[edit] 15th - 20th century
From around 1400 he was the vice-regent of the king, a function which however only became important after 1526. He was allowed to command the royal army and to preside over the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary instead of the king. When the king was not of age or if there was an interregnum, he also could convene the Diet. From around 1450 he had the right to grant royal property - like the king himself but with certain restrictions. An act of 1485 explicitly stipulated that the palatine shall be the vice-regent in the king's absence.
After 1526, when the Habsburgs became rulers of the kingdom and the Turks seized large parts of the kingdom, the palatine, as the vice-regent (viceroy), had his seat outside Royal Hungary in Prague and later in Vienna. In 1526, the palatine became a life function. In 1527, the palatine István Báthory created the Hungarian Vice-regency Council (a kind of government, seat in Pressburg (modern day Bratislava) since 1531) comprising also other noble representatives, which became a permanent institution headed by the palatine in 1549. In 1608, the functions of vice-regent and palatine were separated. The Vice-regency council was abolished in 1673, but renewed in 1723, when the palatine became the official president of the council.
After 1848, the palatine was only a symbolic function, but it was only in 1918 - with the end of Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary (the kingdom continued formally until 1945) - that the function ceased officially.
[edit] Important palatines
Important families that provided several palatines were: in the 14th century were the Lackovićs, in the 15th century the Garays, afterwards the Báthorys and the Zápolyas, Esterházy, Pálffy, and ultimately the Joseph branch of the Habsburg.
Prominent palatines have been: in the early 17th century, Stefan Illésházy (Illesházy István) of Trenčín, then up to 1616 Juraj Thurzo (Thurzó György). Thurzo is the palatine who arrested Elizabeth Báthory, the countess accused for killing numerous girls and young women. The position was occupied in the remaining 17th century by members of the families Esterházy, Pálffy, Francis Wesselényi and others. The last palatines at the end of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century were the Habsburgs Archdukes Alexander Leopold, Joseph and his son Stephan, who resigned in 1848.
