PaK 97/38
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| 7,5 cm Panzerabwehrkanone 97/38 | |
|---|---|
 PaK 97/38 displayed in Hämeenlinna Artillery Museum, Finland. |
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| Type | anti-tank gun |
| Place of origin | Germany |
| Service history | |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Number built | 3,712 |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | combat: 1,190 kg travel: 1,270 kg |
| Length | 4.65 m |
| Barrel length | 2.722 m / 36,3 calibers (without muzzle break) |
| Width | 1.85 m |
| Height | 1.05 m |
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| Caliber | 75 mm |
| Breech | interrupted screw |
| Carriage | split trail |
| Elevation | -6° to 18° (25°?) |
| Traverse: | 60° |
| Rate of fire | 10-14 rounds per minute |
PaK 97/38 (7,5 cm Panzerabwehrkanone 97/38) was a German anti-tank gun used by Wehrmacht in World War II. The gun was essentially a combination of a barrel from the French Canon de 75 modèle 1897 and a carriage of the German PaK 38.
Contents |
[edit] Development history
During the invasions of Poland and France Wehrmacht captured thousands of 75 mm guns model 1897, built by the French arms manufacturer Schneider. These guns were adopted by Germans as 7,5 cm F.K.97(p) and 7,5 cm F.K.231(f) and used in their original field artillery role.
Soon after the German invasion of the USSR in 1941, Wehrmacht units encountered new Soviet tanks, the medium T-34 and the heavy KV. Thick sloped armor of these vehicles gave them good degree of protection against German anti-tank weapons. The situation eventually led to requests for more powerful guns that would be able to destroy the aforementioned tanks from long range. Since Germany already had a suitable design, the 7.5 cm PaK 40, it entered production and in November 1941 first pieces were delivered. But until enough of those will be manufactured, some expedient solution was required.
It this situation, it was tempting to adopt the easily available French gun to the anti-tank role. However, in the original configuration those guns were ill suited for fighting tanks because of their relatively low muzzle velocity, limited traverse (only 6°), and lack of suspension (which resulted in transportation speed of 10-12 km/h). It was decided to solve the traverse and mobility problems by mounting the 75 mm barrel on the modern split trail carriage of PaK 38. To soften a recoil, the barrel was fitted with large muzzle brake. The gun was supposed to fire primarily HEAT shells as anti-armour performance of this type of ammunition doesn't depend on velocity.
Interestingly, another major user of the French gun, the US Army, created and briefly adopted a similar expedient design, known as 75mm Anti-tank gun on Carriage M2A3.[1].
[edit] Production
In 1942, 2,854 pieces were deliviered; 858 more followed in 1943. In addition, 160 guns on 7.5 cm PaK 40 carriage (PaK 97/40) were built in 1943. The manufacturing cost of one piece was 9,000 reichsmarks, compared to 12,000 for PaK 40. The production was stopped because of sufficient supply of more powerful anti-tank guns.
| Production of ammunition for Pak 97/38, thousands | |||||
| Type | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | Total | |
| HEAT | 929,4 | 1,388.0 | 264,5 | 2,581.9 | |
[edit] Employment
 External images |
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|---|---|
| Romanian PaK 97/38 battery in Crimea in December 1943. 7,5 сm Pak 97/38(f) auf Pz.740(r). |
PaK 97/38 reached the battlefield in summer 1942. Despite being only moderately effective and having a violent recoil, it remained in service until the final stage of the war. The scale of use can be illustrated by the amount of ammunition consumed: 37,800 HEAT shells in 1942 and 371,600 in 1943. There is photo evidence of this gun being actively used in 1944. On 1 March 1945 Wehrmacht still possessed 145 Pak 97/38 and F.K.231(f) guns; however only 14 were employed by frontline units.
Ten barrels with shields were experimentally mounted on the Soviet T-26 light tank chassis, resulting in vehicles designated 7,5 сm Pak 97/38(f) auf Pz.740(r). These self-propelled guns served with 3rd company of the 563rd anti-tank battalion befor being replaced by Marder III on 1 March 1944.
The gun was also employed by the Finnish Army in Continuation War. Finns purchased the 75 mm field guns from France in 1940, became disappointed with their performance and in 1943 reached an argeement with Germany about upgrading to PaK 97/38. 46 pieces were converted in March-June 1943. Seven of the guns were lost in combat, the rest of them remained in service after the war and only in 1986 were officially retired.
A number of pieces were supplied to Romania and saw combat with the Romanian Army on the Eastern Front.
[edit] Summary
PaK 97/38 could be produced using captured barrels, and could fire captured French and Polish ammunition. Together with light weight, good mobility and sufficiently good anti-armor performance with HEAT shell (enough to penetrate T-34 in most situations; side armor of KV could also be pierced), it made the gun decent expedient anti-tank weapon.
However, it did have significant shortcomings, particularly low muzzle velocity. Although it didn't affect armor piercing characteristics of HEAT ammunition, it meant insufficient performance when firing regular AP shells and - because of difficulties in hitting small mobile target - low effective range of about 500 m even with HEAT. The gun also had quite violent recoil, especially with AP shells. It must be also noted that in the World War II era technology of manufacturing HEAT shells was not yet polished up, so many shells had armor penetration characteristics significantly below the supposed ones.
[edit] Ammunition
It is not clear if German AP shells for PaK 97/38 were ever produced. Polish AP shells were used in limited numbers.
The Finnish Army used locally produced ones designated 75 psa - Vj4 and possibly old French ones designated 75 pspkrv 59/66-ps. The 75 psa - Vj4 penetrated 92 mm at 300 m, meet angle 90°.[2]
The HEAT projectiles penetrated about 90 mm at meet angle 90° or about 75 mm at meet angle 60°.
| Available ammunition[3] | |||||
| Type | Model | Weight, kg | HE weight, g | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Range, m |
| Armor-piercing shells | |||||
| AP, Polish | 7,5 cm K.Gr.Pz.(p) | 6.8 | 570 | 1,500 | |
| HEAT shells | |||||
| HEAT | 7,5 cm Gr.38/97Hl/A(f) | 4.4 | |||
| HEAT | 7,5 cm Gr.38/97Hl/B(f) | 4.57 | 450 | 1,500 | |
| HEAT | 7,5 cm Gr.15/38Hl/B(f) | 4.4 | |||
| High explosive and fragmentation shells | |||||
| HE-Frag, French | 7,5 cm Sprgr.233/1(f) | 6.19 | 577 | 10,000 | |
| HE-Frag, French | 7,5 cm Sprgr.230/1(f) | 5.44 | 545 | 7,600 | |
| HE-Frag, French | 7,5 cm Sprgr.231/1(f) | 5.44 | 557 | 7,600 | |
| HE-Frag, French | 7,5 cm Sprgr.236/1(f) | 6.6 | 10,000 | ||
[edit] Notes
- ^ Zaloga, Delf - US Anti-tank Artillery 1941-45, p 8.
- ^ Finnish Army 1918-1945.
- ^ Shirokorad A. B. - The God of War of the Third Reich.
[edit] References
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- Shirokorad A. B. - The God of War of the Third Reich - M. AST, 2002 (Широкорад А. Б. - Бог войны Третьего рейха. — М.,ООО Издательство АСТ, 2002., ISBN 5-17-015302-3)
- Ivanov A. - Artillery of Germany in Second World War - SPb Neva, 2003 (Иванов А. - Артиллерия Германии во Второй Мировой войне. — СПб., Издательский дом «Нева», 2003., ISBN 5-7654-2634-4)
- Isaev A. - Antisuvorov. Ten Myths of World War II - M., Eksmo, Yauza, 2004 (А.Исаев. Антисуворов. Десять мифов Второй мировой. - М., Эксмо, Яуза, 2004., ISBN 5-699-07634-4)
- Kolomiets M. - Anti-tank Artillery of Wehrmacht 1939-1945 - "Frontovaya Illustratsiya" magazine, no. 1, 2006 (М.Коломиец. Противотанковая артиллерия Вермахта 1939-1945 гг. - журнал «Фронтовая иллюстрация», №1, 2006)
- Zaloga, Steven J., Brian Delf - US Anti-tank Artillery 1941-45 (2005) Osprey Publishing (New Vanguard 107), ISBN 1-84176-690-9.
- Finnish Army 1918-1945: 75 PstK/97-38 "Mulatti"
| German artillery of World War II |
|---|
| Tank guns |
| 2 cm KwK 30 | 3.7 cm KwK 36 | 3.7 cm KwK 38(t) | 5 cm KwK 38 | 5 cm KwK 39 7.5 cm KwK 37 | 7.5 cm KwK 40 | 7.5 cm KwK 42 | 8.8 cm KwK 36 | 8.8 cm KwK 43 |
| Anti-tank guns |
| 2.8 cm sPzB 41 | 3.7 cm PaK 36 | 4.2 cm PaK 41 | 5 cm PaK 38 | 7.5 cm PaK 97/38 7.5 cm PaK 40 | 7.5 cm PaK 41 | 7.62 cm PaK 36(r) | 8.8 cm PaK 43 | 12.8 cm PaK 44 |
| Field, Medium and Heavy guns |
| 7.5 cm Le.IG 18/Le.GebIG 18/IG L/13 | 7.5 cm IG 37 | 10.5 cm leFH 18 | 15 cm sIG 33 | 15 cm sFH 18 |
| Other vehicle mounted |
| 7.5 cm PaK 39 | 7.5 cm PaK 40 | 7.5 cm PaK 42 | 8.8 cm PaK 43/KwK 43 | 12.8 cm PaK 44 |
| Anti-aircraft guns |
| 2 cm FlaK 30/38/Flakvierling | 3.7 cm FlaK 36/37/43 | 8.8 cm FlaK 18/36/37/41 | 10.5 cm FlaK 38 12.8 cm FlaK 40 |
