Orisha

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This article is about a type of spirit. For other uses, see Orisha (disambiguation).

An Orisha, also spelled Orisa and Orixa, is a spirit that reflects one of the manifestations of Olodumare (God) in the Yoruba spiritual or religious system. This religion has found its way throughout the world and is now expressed in several varieties which include Anago, Oyotunji, Candomblé and Lucumí/Santería. These varieties or spiritual lineages as they are called are practiced throughout areas of Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Mexico and Venezuela. As interest in African indigenous religions (spiritual systems) grows, Orisa communities and lineages can be found in parts of Europe and Asia as well. While estimates vary, there could be more than 100 million adherents of this spiritual tradition worldwide.

1 Beliefs and Rituals
2 Orisha in the New World
3 Pantheon
- 3.1 List of Orishas
4 Further reading
5 External links

[edit] Beliefs and Rituals

The Orisha faith believes an ultimate deity, Olorun or Olodumare, who is removed from the day-to-day affairs of human beings on Earth. Instead, adherents of the religion appeal to specific manifestations of Olodumare in the form of the various Orisha. Ancestors reverence and culture-heroes can also be enlisted for help with day-to-day problems. Faithful believers will also generally consult a geomantic divination specialist, known as a babalawo or Iyanifa, to mediate on their problems. This practice is known as Ifa, and is an important part of life throughout West Africa and the rest of the world. UNESCO, the cultural and scientific education arm of the United Nations, declared Ifa a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005. An important part of the traditional Yoruba faith depends on proper alignment and knowledge of one's Ori. Ori literally means the head, but in spiritual matters is taken to mean an inner portion of the soul which determines personal destiny and success. Ase, which also spelled “Axe,” “Ashe,” or “Ache,” is the life-force that runs though all things, living and inanimate. Ase is the power to make things happen. It is an affirmation that is used in greetings and prayers, as well as a concept about spiritual growth. Orisha devotees strive to obtain Ase through Iwa-Pele or gentle and good character, in turn they experience alignment with the Ori or what others might call inner peace or satisfaction with life.

[edit] Orisha in the New World

Yoruba were brought to the Americas during the Atlantic Slave Trade, along many other ethnic nationalities from West, Central, and parts of East Africa. Yoruba religious beliefs are among the most recognizable African-derived traditions in the Americas, perhaps due to the comparatively late arrival of large numbers of Yoruba in the Americas and the conglomerative and spiritually tolerant nature of the faith. The Orisa faith is often closely aligned to the beliefs of the Gbe ethnic nationalities (including Fon, Ewe, Mahi, and Egun), and there has been centuries of creative cross-fertilization between the faiths both in Africa and in the Americas. In many countries of the African diaspora, Yoruba and Gbe beliefs have also influenced and become influenced by Catholicism, and faiths that originate in the Kongo-Angolan cultural region of West-Central Africa. These include Palo in Cuba and the Dominican Republic, Quimbanda in Brazil and, according to some sources, the Petro rites of Haitian Vodou.

Santeria (or Lukumĺ) is a set of related religious systems that fuse Catholic beliefs with traditional Yoruba beliefs. Saints and other Catholic religious figures are used as disguises for Orishas.

[edit] Pantheon

The Orisha pantheon include Shango, Olokun, Ifá, Yemoja, Osun, Obatala, Ogun, Ochosi, Oko, Soponna, Oya and Esu|Legba, among countless others. The Yoruba also venerate their Egungun, or Ancestors, Ibeji, god of Twins (which is no wonder since the Yoruba have the world's highest incidence of twin births of any group).

[edit] List of Orishas

Babalu Aye - deity of disease and illness.
Eshu (Ellegua, Exu, Esu, Elegba, Papa Legba) - messenger between human and divine, god of crossroads
Nana - female deity of creation, sky mother.
Obatala (Obatalá, Oxalá, Orixalá, Orisainlá) - father of orishas and humankind
Ogoum (Ogúm, Ogum, Ogou) - deity of iron, war, labour
Olorun (Oldumare) - creator of the universe, sky father
Orunmila - deity of wisdom, divination and foresight
Oshun (Oshún, Ọṣun, Oxum, Ochun, Osun, Oschun, Erzulie, Erzulie Freda) - goddess of rivers, love, fertility
Oxossi (Oxósse, Ocshosi, Osoosi, Ochosi) - hunter and the scout of the orishas
Oya (Oyá, Oiá, Iansã, Yansá, Iansan) - goddess of wind, hurricanes, and underworld gates
Shango (Shangó, Xango, Changó, Chango, Nago Shango) - warrior god of thunder, sky father
Iemanjá (Imanja, Yemaja, Jemanja, Yemalla, Yemana, Yemanja, Yemaya, Yemayah, Yemoja, Ymoja, Iemanjá, Nanã, La Sirène, LaSiren, Mami Wata) - devine mother goddess, devine goddess of the sea

Eleggua, Owner of Vital Force Santería	Iansã, Orixá of wind, change	Nanã, The oldest Orixá in Candomblé	Pair of Ibeji
Yemaya pictured in Umbanda religion

[edit] Further reading

John Mason, (unclear if the link is to the correct author), Black Gods - Orisa Studies in the New World
John Mason, (unclear if the link is to the correct author), Olokun: Owner of Rivers and Seas ISBN 1-881244-05-9
John Mason, (unclear if the link is to the correct author), Orin Orisa: Songs for selected Heads ISBN 1-881244-06-7
Lydia Cabrera, El Monte: Igbo-Nfinda, Ewe Orisha/Vititi Nfinda ISBN 089729-09-7
[Chief Priest Ifayemi Elebuibon], Apetebii: The Wife of Orunmila ISBN 0-9638787-1-9
[J. Omosade Awolalu], Yoruba Beliefs & Sacrificial Rites ISBN 0-9638787-3-5
Baba Ifa Karade, The Handbook of Yoruba Religious Concepts
William Bascom, Sixteen Cowries
David M. O'Brien, Animal Sacrifice and Religious Freedom: Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
James T. Houk, Spirits, Blood, and Drums: The Orisha Religion of Trinidad. 1995. Temple University Press.
Raul Canizares, Cuban Santeria
Robert Farris Thompson, "Flash of the Spirit"