Ophiophagy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ophiophagy ("snake eating") is a specialized form of feeding or alimentary behavior of animals which hunt and eat snakes. There are ophiophagous mammals (such as the skunks and the mongooses), birds (such as snake eagles, the Secretary Bird, and some hawks), lizards (such as Crotaphytus collaris), and even other snakes, such as the Central and South American mussuranas and the North American Common Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula). There is even an entire genus of snakes named after this habit, Ophiophagus, with species such as the venomous King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah).
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[edit] Ophiophagy in myth and legend
- The mythic associations of snakes are discussed at Serpent (symbolism).
A snake-eating bird of prey appears in a legend of the Mexican people, who gave rise to the Aztec empire, and it is represented in the Mexican flag: The Mexicas, guided by their god Huitzilopochtli, sought a place where the bird landed on a prickly pear cactus, devouring a snake. They found the sign on an island in Lake Texcoco, where they erected the city of Tenochtitlan ("Place of the Prickly Pear Cactus" – present-day Mexico City) in 1325. (In the Coat of Arms of Mexico this bird is depicted as a Golden Eagle, though it's often said to be a Crested Caracara[1]. It is also possible that the bird was a Laughing Falcon or Snake Hawk, a bird of prey which feeds almost exclusively on snakes.)
The Mayans also had the legend of ophiophagy in their folklore and mythology.
Guatemala may derive its name from the Nahuatl word coactlmoctl-lan, meaning "land of the snake-eating bird."[2]
Christian folklore associates snakes with evil (see serpent) and considers anything that destroys them good. An example for this tradition is Rudyard Kipling's short story "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" (in The Jungle Book), in which Rikki-Tikki, a mongoose, defends a human family against a pair of evil cobras.
[edit] Practical use
In some regions, farmers keep ophiophagous animals as pets in order to keep their living environment clear of such snakes as cobras and pit vipers (including rattlesnakes and lanceheads) which annually claim a large number of deaths of domestic animals, such as cattle, and attacks on humans. An example is tamed mongoose in India. In the 1930s a Brazilian plan to breed and release large numbers of mussuranas for the control of pit vipers was tried but didn't work. The Butantan Institute, in São Paulo, which specializes in the production of antivenins, erected a statue of the mussurana Clelia clelia as its symbol and a tribute to its usefulness in combating venomous snake bites.
[edit] Immunity
Many ophiophagous animals seem to be immune to the venom of the usual snakes they prey and feed upon. The phenomenon has been studied in the mussurana by the Brazilian scientist Vital Brazil. They have antihemorrhagic and antineurotoxic antibodies in their blood. The Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) has been found to have the most resistance towards snake venom. This immunity is not acquired and has probably evolved as an adaptation to predation by venomous snakes in their habitat.
[edit] External links
- The Brahmani and the Mongoose.
- History of Mexico National Coat of Arms.
- Laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans) in canopy with False coral snake (Erythrolampus mimus) prey from Bio-Ditrl, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, accessed July 27, 2006.
