Operation Maslenica
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Operation Maslenica was an offensive that the Croatian Army conducted in Northwestern Dalmatia against Krajina forces in early 1993.
| Croatian War of Independence |
|---|
| Plitvice Lakes - Borovo Selo - Vukovar - Gospić - Otkos 10 - Orkan 91 - Miljevci - Maslenica - Medak Pocket - Flash - Storm |
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[edit] Origins
In early September, 1991, during the opening stages of the Croatian War of Independence, Serb-dominated units of the Knin Corps of the Yugoslav People's Army, under the command of Colonel Ratko Mladić and supported by the ethnic Serb Krajina militia, conducted offensive operations against areas under the Croatian government's control in Northwestern Dalmatia. Despite vigorous resistance, nascent, inexperienced and poorly armed units of the Croatian Army, police and local militias succumbed to superior force and had to abandon their positions, including the strategically important Maslenica area, where a bridge connecting Dalmatia with the rest of Croatia was situated.
Fighting continued in subsequent months, during which the JNA and Krajina Serbs managed to gradually expand territories under their control and even threaten the major urban centre of Zadar. The Maslenica bridge was blown up in November under circumstances which are still unclear - some claim that it was the act of Croatian special forces, while others explain it as the accidental detonation of a device planted by the JNA decades ago.
In January, 1992, the Sarajevo armistice and the arrival of UNPROFOR solidified battle lines into the de facto border between Croatia and the internationally unrecognised RSK. Although this provided months of relative peace to citizens of Croatian-controlled Dalmatia, the situation proved to be untenable in the long run, because the region was severed from the rest of the country, despite nominally having a land link. The usual land routes through Bosnia, Lika and Dalmatia were controlled by the RSK and the Republic of Srpska. This forced traffic and commerce to use ferryboat services and bridges connecting Pag island and mainland Dalmatia, which were often affected by bad weather. The Pag bridge was also damaged by the JNA airforce in 1991, causing doubts about its long-term use. Furthermore, the RSK also controlled the Peruča hydroeletric dam near Sinj and threatened its destruction, which could haved flooded the Cetina valley, leaving Dalmatia without power.
Dalmatia, being severed from the rest of Croatia, effected Croatian internal politics. Since the Sarajevo armistice, the government of Franjo Tuđman was constantly criticised for using apparently ineffective diplomacy instead of direct military action to liberate the rest of the country. The Elections for the Croatian Chamber of Counties and various local and regional assemblies were scheduled for February 7th, and many expected some right-wing opposition parties to use the issue to make gains against Tuđman's HDZ party.
[edit] Opposing Forces
In the year since the Sarajevo armistice, the Croatian military not only gained valuable experience and boosted their morale through successful offensive operations in neighboring Bosnia-Herzegovina, but also used the lack of major military operations on Croatian soil to improve its equipment, organisation, personnel and tactics. The core of the Croatian military were professional Guards brigades - three of which would ultimately see action in the subsequent battle.
The RSK was, on the other hand, much weakened by the retreat of the JNA following the Croatian diplomatic recognition and the eruption of war in neighbouring Bosnia, which gobbled up much of the military, economic and other resources of Serbia proper and left the RSK forces more or less on their own. Their forces were additionally weakened by having to support Serb forces in Bosnia, especially Bosanska Posavina where the RSK elite Knindža unit suffered heavy casualties in 1992.
Despite Croatian forces conducting a minor offensive in the area of the Miljevci Plateau in June 1992, RSK leaders didn't believe Croatian military action to be imminent. The UNPROFOR presence and Croatia being involved in the Bosnian War, where the dispute with Bosnian Serbs had begun to lose importance compared with the emerging conflict between Bosnian Croats and the Muslim-dominated government.
[edit] Timeline
The Croatian Army and Special Police units started the offensive in the Maslenica and Zadar area on January 22nd. RSK forces were completely taken by surprise and initially failed to offer any meaningful resistance. One of the reasons for the initial Croatian success was the unprecedented use of minuscule Croatian naval and air forces - which was the first and only instance of Croatian ground, naval and air forces acting together in a single major operation.
As a result, Maslenica and areas around Zadar were liberated, and the Croatian Army continued to push into the hinterland of Northern Dalmatia. Janko Bobetko, the Croatian Army general in charge of the operation, was hailed as a national hero and the city of Zadar saw public celebrations.
Six days later, seeing RSK forces being overwhelmed, the 126th Home Guard Regiment of the Croatian Army near Sinj conducted its own offensive operation against the Peruča dam. The dam was taken, but not before RSK forces detonated explosives that left it damaged. The dam held long enough to prevent massive flooding, but not long enough to prevent a major loss of hydroelectric power that would plague Dalmatia for much of the next year.
In the meantime, the RSK forces reorganised, stormed arms depots held by UNPROFOR and began to resist advancing Croatian forces more effectively. The Serbian-dominated government in Belgrade failed to honour its promise of military intervention in the case of a major Croatian offensive against Krajina, but the arrival of volunteers from Serbia proper, including units commanded by the notorious war criminal Željko Ražnatović Arkan, improved Krajina morale to a certain extent. Those forces mounted a ferocious counter-attack which, although ultimately repulsed, resulted in many Croatian casualties and the Croatian advance lost its momentum.
Partly due to international pressure, partly because of the potential for huge casualties to affect the outcome of elections and partly because of the impression that the most immediate aims were met, the Croatian government decided to halt the offensive. The fighting continued in a series of local attacks and counterattacks, with minor pieces of territory changing hands and the Dalmatian coastal cities of Zadar, Biograd and Šibenik being occasionally shelled by Krajina artillery. By the autumn of 1993, all those incidents petered out and both sides held the lines that would be unchanged until Operation Storm in August, 1995.
[edit] Aftermath
In strictly military and, to a certain degree, political terms, Operation Maslenica was immediately hailed as a major success for the Croatian government. However, subsequent events have put that into question.
While the Croatian military inflicted a heavy blow on Krajina and liberated a relatively large section of Croatian territory, it failed to completely remove the threat towards the Dalmatian cities. Even the stated aim of securely connecting Dalmatia to the rest of Croatia was not achieved. This became apparent with the opening of a pontoon bridge at Maslenica later in the year. The bridge was in range of RSK artillery, thus allowing RSK leader Milan Martić to publicly brag about his ability to sink it or close it to traffic at his leisure. Traffic over the bridge normalised only after UN-sponsored negotiations.
The Croatian Army's failure to properly exploit the initial success of the offensive is usually attributed to tactical mistakes in the latter stages of the operation and its lack of superior artillery - an issue that would be addressed in 1994 and 1995. By exposing these weaknesses, Operation Maslenica allowed Croatian military staff to remedy them and plan more ambitious and ultimately more successful offensives like Operation Flash and Operation Storm.
[edit] Losses
According to Croatian sources, the only published military data so far, the Croatians had 114 fatalities and the Serbs suffered 490 dead.
[edit] Post-war controversy
Operation Maslenica almost immediately created minor controversy in Croatia, where it was revealed that the publicly claimed number of Croatian fatalities - 50 - was much lower than the numbers found and verified by independent and unbiased sources.
However, this discrepancy created real controversy twelve years later, during the 2005 campaign for local and regional elections in Croatia. On May 1st 2005, the 10th anniversary of Operation Flash, the Croatian prime minister Ivo Sanader, used the celebrations to campaign for his HDZ party. The Croatian president Stipe Mesić, reacted by expressing outrage over the use of Croatian military operations for party politics and claimed that Operation Maslenica had been executed solely as a Tuđman pre-election stunt and had resulted in the needless waste of Croatian lives. This statement was almost immediately attacked by many segments of the Croatian public.
[edit] Maslenica Bridges Today
The town of Maslenica has been connected with the other side again with another bridge. That bridge, built in 1997-1998 is now the bridge for the Highway that connects Zagreb to Zadar, and Split. The old bridge that was destroyed, was replaced in early 2006. There is a bungee jumping station there too for those who dare to jump the bridge.
