Operation Berlin
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Operation Berlin was the commerce raid performed by German warships KM Scharnhorst and KM Gneisenau between January and March, 1941. The commander-in-chief of the operation was Admiral Gunther Lutjens, who subsequently commanded the famous cruise of KM Bismarck and KM Prinz Eugen.
The two ships aborted the operation in December, 1940, but finally sailed from Kiel on 22nd January, 1941. They were spotted en route through the Great Belt and the British Admiralty was informed. Admiral Sir John Tovey sailed with a strong force (3 battleships, 8 cruisers and 11 destroyers), hoping to intercept the German ships in the Iceland - Faero Passage. Instead, Lutjens took his flotilla through the Denmark Strait into the Atlantic, where they were positioned to intercept convoys between Canada and Britain.
Convoy HX-106 was intercepted, but the attack was aborted when the escorting battleship HMS Ramillies was spotted. Lutjens had orders to avoid action with enemy capital ships. Fortunately for the Germans, the British failed to make an accurate identification.
After re-fuelling the German ships missed convoy HX-111, but happened upon an empty convoy returning to the United States. Over 12 hours, five ships were sunk but the attack was reported. The squadron moved south to the Azores to intercept the convoy route between West Africa and Britain.
A convoy was sighted but, once again, was not attacked due to the presence of the old battleship HMS Malaya. Instead, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau shadowed it, acting to guide in U-boat attacks.
The two ships moved back to the western Atlantic, sinking a solitary freighter en route. Two unescorted convoys were attacked and 16 ships were sunk or captured. One of these ships, Chilean Reefer, caused problems. It made smoke, radioed an accurate position and actually returned Gneisenau's fire with its small deck gun. Lutjens was uncertain of the Chilean Reefer's capabilities, withdrew and destroyed it from a safe distance. During this action, HMS Rodney appeared, possibly in response to the radio calls. The German ships bluffed their way to safety while Rodney picked up survivors.
The German ships were ordered back to Brest. They met air and sea escorts on 21st March and docked the next day.
In total, they had sailed nearly 18,000 miles in 60 days and destroyed or captured 22 ships. They were supported by supply ships and tankers Uckermark, Ermland, Schlettstadt, Friedrich Breme and Hamburg.
