Operation Anthropoid
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During World War II, the Czechoslovak-British Operation Anthropoid was the code name for the assassination of the top Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich. He was the chief of the Reich Main Security Office, the acting "Protector of Bohemia and Moravia" and the chief planner of the Final Solution, the Nazi term for the genocide of the Jews.
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[edit] Background
Since 1939 Heydrich had been the chief of RSHA, an organization that included the Gestapo (Secret Police), SD (Security Agency) and Kripo (Criminal Police). He was the key planner in removing all Hitler's opponents, as well as (later) the key planner of the genocide of the Jews. He was involved in most of Hitler's intrigues, and a valued political ally, advisor and friend of the dictator.
Due to his abilities and power he was feared by almost all Nazi generals. In September 1941 Heydrich was appointed acting Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, replacing Konstantin von Neurath whom Hitler considered too moderate. During his role as de facto dictator of Bohemia and Moravia, Heydrich often drove with his chauffeur in a car with an open roof. This was a show of confidence in the occupation forces and the effectiveness of their repressive measures against the local population. Due to his cruelty, Heydrich was nicknamed The Butcher of Prague, The Blond Beast or The Hangman.
[edit] Strategic context
By late 1941, Hitler controlled almost all of continental Europe and German forces were approaching Moscow. The Allies deemed Soviet capitulation likely. The exiled government of Czechoslovakia under President Edvard Beneš was under pressure from British intelligence, as there had been very little visible resistance in the Czech lands since the German occupation began in 1939.
The Czech lands were producing significant military material for the Third Reich. The exiled government felt it had to do something that would give the Czech people inspiration and show the world the Czechs were allies. The British spy unit Special Operations Executive (SOE) trained the personnel and helped to plan the operation. (Reference MRD Foot SOE and others). As Adolf Hitler's groomed successor, Reinhard Heydrich was one of the most important men in Nazi Germany. His death would be a huge loss and a profound psychological, if not strategic, victory.
[edit] Operation
[edit] Insertion and planning
Seven soldiers from the Czechoslovakia's army-in-exile in the United Kingdom, Jozef Gabčík, Jan Kubiš (Anthropoid) and two other groups (Silver A and Silver B), were parachuted by the Royal Air Force into Czechoslovakia on the night of 28 December, 1941. It wasn't the first SOE operation, there had been several before. Gabčík and Kubiš landed east of Prague; although the plan was to land near Pilsen, the pilots had problems with orientation. The soldiers then moved to Pilsen to contact their allies, and from there on to Prague, where the attack was planned.
In Prague they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organizations who helped them during the preparations for the assassination. Gabčík and Kubiš initially planned to assassinate Heydrich on a train, but after exploration they realized that this was not possible. The second plan was to assassinate him on the road in the forest on the way from Heydrich's seat to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich's car but, after waiting several hours, resistance fighter Opálka came to bring them back to Prague. The third plan was to assassinate Heydrich in Prague.
[edit] Assassination
On May 27, 1942 Heydrich proceeded on his daily commuting journey from his home in Panenské Břežany to Prague Castle. In a hurry, he didn't wait for the customary police escort. Gabčík and Kubiš waited at the tram stop in the curve near Bulovka hospital. Valčik was positioned about 100 metres north of Gabčík and Kubiš as lookout for the approaching car. As Heydrich's open-topped Mercedes-Benz neared the pair, Gabčík is said to have stepped in front of the vehicle, trying to open fire, but his Sten gun jammed. Heydrich ordered his occasional driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to stop the car, and when Heydrich stood up to try to shoot Gabčík, Kubiš tossed a modified anti-tank grenade at the vehicle and its fragments ripped through the car's right fender, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery in Heydrich's body even though the grenade failed to enter the car. Heydrich managed to return fire but soon collapsed. Klein was killed in a manhunt in pursuit of Gabčík. Heydrich died of his wounds.
[edit] Conspiracy Theories
Heinrich Himmler, Heydrich's direct superior, took it upon himself to see to the welfare of his subordinate. No Czech or Wehrmacht doctors were allowed to operate on Heydrich — rather, Himmler sent his personal physicians to conduct the surgery themselves. On June 4, Heydrich succumbed to what Himmler's physicians claimed was 'blood poisoning'. They claimed that some of the horsehair which lined Heydrich's car was forced by the blast of the grenade into his body, causing a systemic infection which their medicine could not fight. In light of the rumours that Heydrich was the one man of whom Himmler was both jealous and truly afraid, the validity of this diagnosis, and the intentions of Himmler's doctors, has been open to much speculation by some people.
Another theory suggests that he was actually killed by Botulinum neurotoxin in the grenade supplied by British bio-weapons experts.
[edit] Consequences
[edit] Reprisals
Hitler ordered the SS and Gestapo to "wade in blood" throughout Bohemia to find Heydrich‘s killers. Initially, Hitler wanted to start with brutal, widespread killing of the Czech people, but, after consultations, he reduced his response to "only" some thousands. The Czech lands were an important industrial zone for the German military and indiscriminate killing could reduce the productivity of the region. More than 13,000 people were arrested. The most infamous incidents were the complete destruction of the villages of Lidice and Ležáky.
Britain‘s wartime leader Winston Churchill, infuriated, suggested leveling three German villages for every Czech village the Nazis destroyed. Instead, the Allies stopped planning similar operations to assassinate top Nazis for the fear of similar reprisals. Two years after Heydrich was killed, however, they attempted one more time, this time targeting Hitler in Operation Foxley which failed to materialize. "Operation Anthropoid" remained the only successful assassination of a top-ranking Nazi.
[edit] Capture of the assassins
The attackers initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in a Prague Orthodox Church, which is now dedicated to the Saints Cyril and Methodius. The Gestapo couldn't find the assassins until Karel Čurda (from the group "Out distance", whose objective was sabotage) told the Gestapo the names of the team's local contact persons for the bounty of 1 million Reichsmark.
Curda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Zizkov. At 5 a.m. on June 17 the Moravec apartment was raided. The family was made to stand in the corridor while the Gestapo searched their apartment. Mrs Moravec was, surprisingly, allowed to go to the toilet, and killed herself with a cyanide capsule. Mr Moravec, oblivious to his family's involvement with the resistance, was taken to the Pecek Palac together with his son Ata. Here young Ata was tortured throughout the day. Finally he was stupefied with brandy and shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank. The unfortunate Ata Moravec told the Gestapo all he knew. The SS laid siege to the church, but despite the best efforts of over 700 Nazi troops, they were unable to take the parachutists alive; three, including Heydrich's assassin Kubis, were killed in the prayer loft after a brief gun battle. The other four, including Gabcik, committed suicide in the crypt to avoid capture. Karel Čurda was, after an unsuccessful suicide attempt, executed in 1947 for high treason.
[edit] Political consequence and aftermath
The success of the operation made Great Britain and France renounce the Munich Agreement. They agreed that after the Nazis were defeated, the Sudetenland would be restored to Czechoslovakia. It also led to sympathy for the idea of expelling the German population of Czechoslovakia.
As Heydrich was one of the most important Nazi leaders, two large funeral ceremonies were conducted. One was in Prague, where the way to Prague Castle was lined by thousands of SS-men with torches. The second was in Berlin attended by all leading Nazi figures, including Hitler who placed the German Order and Blood Order Medals on the funeral pillow.
The story of this operation was the basis for the 1943 film Hangmen Also Die, the 1964 film Attentat and the 1975 film Operation Daybreak. The assassination inspired rock group British Sea Power to write the song "A Lovely Day Tomorrow". Originally a b-side, the song was re-recorded with the Czech band The Ecstasy of St. Theresa in both English and Czech (Zítra bude krásný den) for a limited edition release in 2004.
[edit] Myth
A Czech legend exists that states that if one who is not a true Czech King puts the Czech royal crown on his head, he will die in one year and a day. Before his death, Heydrich had put the royal crown on his head. Some say that the day of his assassination was exactly one year and one day from that date.
[edit] See also
- Czech resistance to Nazi occupation
- Jan Kubiš
- Jozef Gabčík
- Occupation of Czechoslovakia
- Reinhard Heydrich
- Special Operations Executive
[edit] References
- The Killing of Reinhard Heydrich: The SS "Butcher of Prague", by Callum McDonald. ISBN 0-306-80860-9
- Assassination : Operation Anthropoid 1941-1942, by Michael Burian. Prague: Avis, 2002.
- Valka.cz - a complete Operation Anthropoid overview (in Czech language)
