Onkochishinsho
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Onkochishinsho (温故知新書? "Book of Reviewing the Old and Knowing the New") was the first Japanese dictionary to collate words in the now standard gojūon order. This Muromachi Period dictionary's title uses a Chinese four-character idiom (wengu zhishin 温故知新, literally "review/restudy the old and know the new", namely "learn from the past") that comes from the Lunyu. "Confucius said: 'Reviewing what you have learned and learning anew, you are fit to be a teacher.'" (tr. Muller[1])
The preface to the Onkochishinsho is dated 1484 (Bunmei era), and gives the compiler's name as Ōtomo Hirokimi (大伴広公). It notes this little-known lexicographer was a Shajinshi (社神司 "Earth God Official") in Shiragi (新羅 "ancient Korean kingdom of Silla"). Kaneko (1997:47) reads this fourth character as an honorific (公 "duke; lord") and identifies him as Ōtomo Taihiro 大伴泰広.
When Ōtomo chose to collate the Onkochishinsho in the 10 by 5 grid gojūon "fifty sounds" order (a-i-u-e-o), he went against centuries of Japanese dictionary tradition using the poetic iroha order (i-ro-ha-ni-ho). For example, the circa 1469 CE Setsuyōshū predecessor collates words primarily in iroha order, and secondarily under semantic headings. The Onkochishinsho enters about 13,000 words, collated first by gojūon and then by 12 subject classifications (mon 門), shown below.
| Heading | Rōmaji | Kanji | Subject |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kenkon | 乾坤 | heaven and earth |
| 2 | Jikō | 時候 | seasons |
| 3 | Kikei | 気形 | creatures |
| 4 | Shitai | 支体 | anatomy |
| 5 | Taigei | 態芸 | art and form |
| 6 | Seishoku | 生植 | plants |
| 7 | Shokufuku | 食服 | food and clothing |
| 8 | Kizai | 器財 | utensils |
| 9 | Kōsai | 光彩 | colors |
| 10 | Sūryō | 数量 | weights and measures |
| 11 | Kyoō | 虚押 | particles |
| 12 | Fukuyō | 複用 | reduplicatives |
The Onkochishinsho preface credits these 12 categories to the 1341-1346 CE Kaizō ryakuin (海蔵略韻 "Outline of Rimes [prepared at] Kaizō [Temple]"), compiled by the Rinzai Zen priest and scholar Kokan Shiren. However, since the received Kaizō ryakuin edition has 14 mon headings, Bailey (1960:47) concludes either it originally had 12, or the preface means Kokan's earlier 1306-1307 CE Jubun inryaku (聚分韻略 "Rime Outline, Classified and Explained") that has these same 12 headings. Both of Kokan's Sino-Japanese dictionaries were primarily collated by 106 Chinese rime table categories, and secondarily by subject headings. While continuing the Muromachi dictionary tradition of semantic categories for secondary ordering, like the Jubun inryaku and Setsuyōshū; the Onkochishinsho principally collated word entries with well-known Japanese gojūon instead of iroha ordering or arcane Chinese rimes.
Although many Japanese dictionaries published after the Onkochishinsho continued to use bookish iroha instead of user-friendly gojūon order, it eventually became the dominant lexicographic arrangement.
[edit] References
- Bailey, Don Clifford. (1960). "Early Japanese Lexicography". Monumenta Nipponica 16:1-52.
- Kaneko Akira 金子彰. (1996). "温故知新書 (Onkochishinsho)." In Nihon jisho jiten 日本辞書辞典 (The Encyclopedia of Dictionaries Published in Japan), Okimori Takuya 沖森卓也, et al., eds., p. 47. Tokyo: Ōfū. ISBN 4-273-02890-5
[edit] External links
- 海蔵略韻, 五山版, rare edition Kaizō ryakuin, Waseda University Library
- 聚分韻略, rare 1481 edition Jubun inryaku, National Diet Library
