On Fairy-Stories
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On Fairy-Stories is an essay written by J. R. R. Tolkien, which discusses the fairy-story as a literary form. The essay was initially written for presentation by Tolkien as the Andrew Lang lecture at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, in 1939. It first appeared in print, with some enhancement, in 1947, in a festschrift volume, Essays Presented to Charles Williams, compiled by C. S. Lewis. Charles Williams, a much-admired friend of Lewis, had been relocated from London to Oxford, with the Oxford University Press staff, during the London blitz in World War II, allowing Williams to participate in gatherings of The Inklings with Lewis and Tolkien. The volume of essays was intended to be presented to Williams upon the return of the OUP staff to London with the ending of the war. However, Williams died suddenly on May 15, 1945, and the book was published as a memorial volume.[1]
On Fairy-Stories was subsequently published with Leaf by Niggle in Tree and Leaf, as well as in The Tolkien Reader, published in 1966. The length of the essay, as it appears in Tree and Leaf, is 82 pages, including about ten pages of notes.
The essay is significant because it contains Tolkien's explanation of his philosophy on fantasy and thoughts on mythopoiesis. Moreover, the essay is an early analysis of speculative fiction by one of the most important authors in the genre.
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[edit] Tolkien's identification of "Fairy Stories"
[edit] Literary Context
Tolkien was among the pioneers of the genre that we would now call fantasy writing. In particular, his stories — together with those of C.S. Lewis — were among the first to establish the convention of an alternate world, or universe, as the setting for speculative fiction. Most early modern writing that shared elements of Tolkien's style, such as the science fiction of H.G. Wells or the Gothic romances of Mary Shelley, were set on this earth, and introduced only a single fantastic element. Tolkien departed from this, creating an entirely new world-setting in elaborate detail. The essay On Fairy-Stories is an attempt to explain and defend that new genre.
Tolkien names the genre Fairy Stories, which he is careful to distinguish from actual fairy tales such as those of the Brothers Grimm or H.C. Andersen. This distinction seems to be twofold. First, he defines fairy stories as not stories about fairies or other supernatural beings, but stories about the interaction between humans and those beings. Second, he emphasizes that through the use of fantasy, which he equates with fancy and imagination, the author can bring the reader to experience a world which is consistent and rational, yet utterly strange as well. He calls this “a rare achievement of Art,” and notes that it was important to him as a reader: "It was in fairy-stories that I first divined the potency of the words, and the wonder of things, such as stone, and wood, and iron; tree and grass; house and fire; bread and wine."
Having defined the genre, Tolkien goes on to defend its utility on three grounds. First, he suggests that fairy stories allow the reader to review his or her own world from the "perspective" of a different world. This concept, which shares much in common with phenomenology, Tolkien calls "recovery," in the sense that one's unquestioned assumptions might be recovered and changed by an outside perspective. Second, he defends fairy stories as offering escapist pleasure to the reader. And third, Tolkien suggests that fairy stories (can) provide moral or emotional consolation, through their happy ending, which he terms a "eucatastrophe."
[edit] For further reading
- [November 1947] (June 1966) Ed. by C. S. Lewis: Essays Presented to Charles Williams. Grand Rapids: Wm. B Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-1117-5.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. [1964] (5 February 2001). Tree and Leaf. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-710504-5.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. [1966] (12 November 1986). The Tolkien Reader, Reissue edition, New York: Del Rey. ISBN 0-345-34506-1.
[edit] External links
[edit] Notes
- ^ Schakel, Peter J. (2005-07-15). “The Storytelling: Fairy Tale, Fantasy, and Myth”, The Way into Narnia: A Reader's Guide. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdman's, p. 27. ISBN 0-8028-2984-8.
| J. R. R. Tolkien |
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| Bibliography |
| Fiction: Songs for the Philologists (1936) • The Hobbit or There and Back Again (1937) • Leaf by Niggle (1945) • The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun (1945) • Farmer Giles of Ham (1949) • The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son (1953) • The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (1954), The Two Towers (1954), The Return of the King (1955) • The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book (1962) • The Road Goes Ever On (1967) • Tree and Leaf (1964) • The Tolkien Reader (1966) • Smith of Wootton Major (1967) |
| Posthumous publications : The Silmarillion (1977) • Unfinished Tales (1980) • Bilbo's Last Song (1990) • The History of Middle-earth (12 Volumes) (1983–1996) • Roverandom (1998) • The Children of Húrin (2007) |
| Academic Works : A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) • Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (1925) • Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography (1925) • The Devil's Coach Horses (1925) • Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad (1929) • The Name 'Nodens' (1932) • Sigelwara Land parts I and II, in Medium Aevum (1932-34) • Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale (1934) • Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (1937) • The Reeve's Tale: version prepared for recitation at the 'summer diversions' (1939) • On Fairy-Stories (1939) • Sir Orfeo (1944) • Ofermod and Beorhtnoth's Death (1953) • Middle English "Losenger": Sketch of an etymological and semantic enquiry (1953) • Ancrene Wisse: The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle (1962) • English and Welsh (1963) • Introduction to Tree and Leaf (1964) • Contributions to the Jerusalem Bible (as translator and lexicographer) (1966) • Tolkien on Tolkien (autobiographical) (1966) |
