On-to-Ottawa Trek
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The On-to-Ottawa Trek was a 1935 protest movement comprised of unemployed young men who had been working in camps scattered in remote areas in Western Canada at a rate of twenty cents per day. After a two-month protest in Vancouver, British Columbia, striking relief camp workers headed east, hitching rides on boxcars, in an attempt to bring their grievances to the federal government in Ottawa. The Trek was cut short by the RCMP in what became known as the Regina Riot.
Contents |
[edit] Beginnings
The Great Depression crippled the Canadian economy and left one in nine citizens on relief.[1] The relief, however, did not come free; the Bennett government asked the Canadian Department of National Defense to organize work camps where the labour of unemployed single men was used to construct roads and other public works at a rate of twenty cents per day. The poor working and living conditions created general unrest in the camps, facilitating the work of Communist agitators who organized the men into the Relief Camp Workers' Union. A walkout was called on April 4, 1935 and about 1600 strikers headed for Vancouver.[2] The strikers’ demands included adequate first aid equipment in the camps, the extension of the Workmen’s Compensation Act to include camp workers, the repeal of Section 98 of the Criminal Code, and that workers in camps be granted the right to vote in Federal elections. Public support was enormous, and the men decided to take their grievances to the federal government. On 3 June 1935, hundreds of men boarded boxcars headed East in what would come to be known as the “On-to-Ottawa Trek.”
[edit] Meeting in Ottawa
Once the protesters reached Regina, Saskatchewan, Prime Minister R.B. Bennett offered to have eight leaders of the protest travel to Ottawa to meet him on the condition the rest of the protesters stay in Regina, where a large RCMP contingent was located. The protesters who remained in Regina, meanwhile, were confined by the RCMP in a local stadium. The Ottawa meeting turned into a shouting match, with Bennett attacking the group as radicals and accusing Trek leader Arthur "Slim" Evans of being an extortionist. Evans in turn called the Prime Minister a liar before the delegation was escorted out of the building.
[edit] Regina Riot
Upon returning to Regina to unite with the rest of the protesters on July 1, 1935, a public meeting was called for in Market Square to bring the public up to date on what had happened so far. It was attended by 1,500 to 2,000 people, of whom only 300 were trekkers. The main body of the trekkers had decided to stay at the exhibition grounds.
Three large vans were parked on the sides of the square concealing RCMP riot squads. Regina police concealed themselves in a nearby garage. At 8 p.m. a whistle was blown and the police charged from their concealment, setting off hours of hand-to-hand fighting throughout the city's centre. The attack caught the people at the meeting by surprise, but then anger took over. They began to fight back with sticks, stones, and anything at hand. RCMP mounted on horseback then charged into the crowd and attacked with clubs. Driven from the Square, the battle continued in the surrounding streets for four hours. Trekkers on the speakers' platform were arrested by a body of police in plain clothes.
The police began firing their revolvers above and into groups of people. Tear gas bombs were thrown at any groups that gathered together. Plate glass windows in stores and offices were smashed. There was no looting, with one exception. People covered their faces with wet handkerchiefs to counter the effects of the tear gas and barricaded streets with cars. Finally the Trekkers who had attended the meeting made their way individually or in small groups back to the exhibition stadium where the main body of trekkers were quartered.
When it was over, 120 trekkers and citizens had been arrested. One plain clothes policeman had been killed, and one protestor would later die in hospital from injuries sustained in the riot. Hundreds of local citizens and Trekkers who had been wounded by police gunfire or otherwise injured were taken to hospitals or private homes. Those taken to hospital were also arrested. Property damage was considerable. The police claimed 39 injuries in addition to the one in plain clothes who had been killed, but denied that any protestors had been killed in the melee; the hospital records were subsequently altered, concealing the actual cause of death of one of the hospitalized protestors.
The city's exhibition grounds were surrounded by constables armed with revolvers and machine guns. The next day a barbed wire stockade was erected around the area. The Trekkers in the stadium were denied any food or water. News of the police-inspired riot made the front page in newspapers across Canada. About midnight one of the Trek leaders telephoned Premier Gardiner who agreed to meet their delegation the next morning. The RCMP were livid when they heard of this. They took the men to the police station for interrogation but finally released them so they could see the premier.
Premier Gardiner sent a wire to Prime Minister Bennett accusing the police of "precipitating a riot" while he had been negotiating a settlement with the Trekkers. He also told the prime minister the "men should be fed where they are and sent back to camp and homes as they request" and stated his government was prepared to "undertake this work of disbanding the men." An agreement to this effect was subsequently negotiated. Bennett was satisfied that he had smashed the Trek and taught the citizens of Regina a lesson. Gardiner was happy that he was getting rid of the strikers from Regina and the province.
The federal minister of justice made the false statement in the House of Commons on July 2 that "shots were fired by the strikers and the fire was replied to with shots from the city police." During the long course of the trials that followed no evidence was ever produced by the Crown that strikers had ever fired any shots. Bennett further added to the misrepresentation by stating in the House of Commons the same day that the Trek was "not a mere uprising against law and order but a definite revolutionary effort on the part of a group of men to usurp authority and destroy government."
[edit] Effects
The events helped to discredit Bennett's Conservative government, and in the 1935 federal election, his party went from holding 134 seats to just 39. It also increased the popularity of the Communist Party of Canada, which was behind the organization of the trek. When the trek was over, the government provided free transportation as a peace sign back to the camps. As well, the camps were no longer run in militaristic fashion because they were handed over to the provinces. Pay rates also improved. Although the trek did not reach Ottawa, it did result in many of the things the protesters wanted, and as such was somewhat successful.
[edit] See also
- The Great Depression in Canada
- Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
- History of Regina
- Bonus Army
[edit] References
- ^ Zuehlke, Mark (1996). The Gallant Cause: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Vancouver: Whitecap Books. ISBN 1-55110-488-1.
- ^ Waiser, Bill (2003). All Hell Can't Stop Us: The On-to-Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot. Calgary: Fifth House.
