Observing station
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Observing Stations are split into two types of networks First order and cooperative.
Both the first order and cooperative observation network are under the auspices of the National Weather Service (NWS), an agency within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
First order stations are those maintained professionally by the NWS or the Federal Aviation Administration. During the 1990's the observing systems used by the NWS underwent a modernization process and a number of the manned weather stations were consolidated and the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) was introduced.
Cooperative stations are part of the U.S. Cooperative Observing Network. This represents a large network throughout the U.S. (numbering several thousand) in which volunteer observers are trained by the NWS to take temperature and/or precipitation observations. This network has quite a long history dating back to the 19th century.
A subset of the coop network make up the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN. These are high-quality observations of monthly temeprature and precipitation that have the least amount of non-climate biases, such as station moves, changes in instrumentation, etc. with good data homogeneity.
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