O'Hare International Airport

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O'Hare International Airport
IATA: ORD - ICAO: KORD - FAA: ORD
Summary
Airport type Public
Operator City of Chicago Department of Aviation
Serves Chicago
Elevation AMSL 668 ft (203.6 m)
Coordinates 41°58′43″N, 87°54′17″W
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
4L/22R 7,500 2,286 Asphalt
4R/22L 8,075 2,461 Asphalt
9L/27R 7,967 2,428 Asphalt/Concrete
9R/27L 10,144 3,092 Asphalt/Concrete
14L/32R 10,005 3,050 Asphalt
14R/32L 13,000 3,962 Asphalt/Concrete
Helipads
Number Size Surface
ft m
H1 200 61 Concrete
"ORD" redirects here. For other uses, see ORD (disambiguation).

O'Hare International Airport (IATA: ORD, ICAO: KORD, FAA LID: ORD) is an airport located in Chicago, Illinois, 17 miles (27 km) northwest of the Chicago Loop. It is the largest hub of United Airlines (whose headquarters will soon move from nearby Elk Grove Township to downtown Chicago) and the second-largest hub of American Airlines (after Dallas/Fort Worth). It is operated by the City of Chicago Department of Aviation, associated with an umbrella regional authority.

Prior to 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport in terms of takeoffs and landings. That year, mainly due to limits imposed by the federal government to reduce flight delays at O'Hare[1], Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport became the busiest. In 2006 O'Hare took the title back from Atlanta. O'Hare currently accounts for over a sixth of the nation's total flight cancellations.[2]. O'Hare also has a strong international presence, with flights to more than 60 foreign destinations. O'Hare was ranked fourth in 2005 of the United States' international gateways, with only John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, Los Angeles International Airport, and Miami International Airport serving more foreign destinations. O’Hare International Airport was voted the Best Airport in North America for the year 2003 by readers of the U.S. Edition of Business Traveler Magazine, marking six years in a row O'Hare has earned top honor.

Although O'Hare is Chicago's chief airport, Midway Airport, Chicago's secondary airport, is closer to the Loop, Chicago's main business and financial district.

Contents

[edit] History

The airport was constructed in 1942-43 as a manufacturing plant for Douglas C-54s during World War II. The site was chosen for its proximity to the city and transportation. The two million square-foot (180,000 m²) factory needed easy access to the workforce of the nation's then-second-largest city, as well as its extensive railroad infrastructure. Orchard Place was a small pre-existing community in the area, and the airport was known during the war as Orchard Place Airport/Douglas Field. The facility was also the site of the Army Air Force's 803 Special Depot, which stored many rare or experimental planes, including captured enemy aircraft. These historic aircraft would later be transferred to the National Air Museum, going on to form the core of the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum's collection.

Air Traffic Control TowersThe Older Tower (left) is now used as a Ground Control System.
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Air Traffic Control Towers
The Older Tower (left) is now used as a Ground Control System.

Douglas Aircraft Company's contract ended in 1945, and though plans were proposed to build commercial aircraft, the company ultimately chose to concentrate production on the west coast. With the departure of Douglas, the airport took the name Orchard Field Airport. In 1945, the facility was chosen by the City of Chicago as the site for a facility to meet future aviation demands. Though its familiar three-letter IATA code ORD still reflects the early identity of the airport, it was renamed in 1949 after Lt. Cmdr. Edward "Butch" O'Hare, a World War II flying ace who was awarded the Medal of Honor.

By the early 1950s, Midway Airport, which had been the primary Chicago airport since 1931, had become too small and crowded despite multiple expansions and was unable to handle the planned first generation of jets. The City of Chicago and FAA began to develop O'Hare as the main airport for Chicago's future. The first commercial passenger flights were started there in 1955, and an international terminal was built in 1958, but the majority of domestic traffic did not move from Midway until completion of a 1962 expansion of O'Hare. The arrival of Midway's former traffic instantly made O'Hare the new World's Busiest Airport, serving 10 million passengers annually. Within two years that number would double, with more people passing through O'Hare in 12 months than Ellis Island had processed in its entire existence. In 1997, annual passenger volume was 70 million.

O'Hare Airport is municipally connected to the city of Chicago via a narrow strip of land under the Kennedy Expressway. This land was added to the city limits in the 1950s to assure the airport was contiguous with the city to keep it under city control. The land was condemned then annexed instantly by the city before surrounding suburbs even knew what happened to keep them from interfering with the city's plans for growth at the airport.[citation needed] The CTA Blue Line was extended to the airport in the 1980s.

[edit] Incidents

On May 25, 1979, American Airlines Flight 191 crashed upon takeoff en route to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California from Chicago, killing all 271 people on board and two people on the ground. The crash remains the deadliest single-aircraft crash in United States history.

On May 8, 2002, alleged Al-Qaida member Jose Padilla was arrested after his plane landed at the airport for allegedly being a scout for a plot to plant a dirty bomb.

[edit] Modernization plan

O'Hare's high volume and crowded schedule can lead to cancellations and long delays that affect air travel across the United States. Official reports rank O'Hare as the least punctual airport in the United States based on percentage of delayed flights. United Airlines and American Airlines have recently agreed to modify their schedules to help reduce congestion caused by clustered arrivals and departures. Because of the air traffic departing, arriving, and near the airport, the air traffic controllers at O'Hare and its nearby facilities are some of the hardest working in the world in terms of number of controlled flights per hour.

City management has committed to a $6 billion capital investment plan to increase the airport's capacity by 60% and decrease delays by an estimated 79 percent[1]. This plan was approved by the FAA in October 2005 and will involve a reconfiguration of the airfield and addition of terminal space. Four runways will be added and three decommissioned in order to give the airfield an eight-runway parallel configuration similar to those in Dallas. Terminals 3 and 5 will undergo expansion, and a new west terminal is planned with western access into the airport; however, some land acquisition is necessary, requiring approximately 2,800 residents to be relocated. The program will expand the airport's capacity to over 3,800 operations per day, up from the present capacity of 2,700 and will vastly increase passenger throughput capacity: ██ existing runway██ new runway██ removed runway

Phase 1 of the modernization program

Phase 2

Phase 3

Final runway configuration

[edit] Resistance and alternatives

The neighboring communities of Bensenville and Elk Grove Village have been centers of resistance to the expansion plan. As a result of the expansion, some residents and businesses will be required to relocate. Bensenville and Elk Grove Village formed the Suburban O'Hare Commission [2] to fight the expansion. So far, they have not had much success, but the commission did receive a temporary injunction against the city's expansion project that was approved by the FAA; however, the injunction was quickly overturned. The Suburban O'Hare Commission has also been instrumental in pushing for a third regional airport called Abraham Lincoln National Airport in south suburban Peotone, which they claim would alleviate the problems at O'Hare. However, no airline has signed on for the proposed airport.

In 1995 the Chicago/Gary Airport Compact was signed by the cities of Chicago and Gary, Indiana, creating the governing body of the Gary/Chicago International Airport just across the state line. While markedly smaller than the proposed Peotone site, this airport already has more land then Midway and an active runway longer than the longest at Midway Airport, and is miles closer to the population in greatest need of access to air transport. While Chicago would like to see a strong Gary airport, the state of Illinois does not appear interested in expanding an airport across state lines. However, Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels has provided significant funding for a runway expansion that is currently under construction; the FAA has also approved Gary as the new Chicago airport; regardless of O’Hare expansion, the FAA feels it necessary to expand Gary.

The Chicago/Rockford International Airport (RFD) in Rockford, IL has recently made a big push in being an alternative to relieve congestion at O'Hare. Although Rockford is just up the Northwest Tollway from O'Hare, it is about a two hour trip from the Chicago Loop. Currently there is no direct transportation service from Downtown Chicago or O'Hare to the Chicago/Rockford International Airport, but airline service at the airport continues to grow. The current mayor of Rockford, has pushed since being elected for a high-speed rail connection between the two airports to further make the Rockford airport an alternative to O'Hare.

[edit] Terminals, airlines and destinations

O'Hare International has four passenger terminals. Two or more additional terminal buildings are envisioned. There is the possibility of a large terminal complex for the west side of the field, with access from I-90 and/or the Elgin-O'Hare Expressway, if the runway reconfiguration is completed.

[edit] Terminal 1 (United Airlines Terminal: Concourses B and C)

Note: International Arrivals are handled in Terminal 5.

Terminal 1 - Concourse B
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Terminal 1 - Concourse B
Terminal 1 - Concourse C
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Terminal 1 - Concourse C
Terminal 1 - Concourse B/C Tunnel for Connecting Passengers
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Terminal 1 - Concourse B/C Tunnel for Connecting Passengers
  • All Nippon Airways (Tokyo-Narita)
  • Lufthansa (Frankfurt, Munich)
  • United Airlines
    • Domestic: (Albany, Anchorage [seasonal], Atlanta, Baltimore/Washington, Boise, Boston, Bozeman [seasonal], Buffalo, Burlington, Charlotte, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky, Cleveland, Columbus, Dallas/Fort Worth, Dayton, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Greensboro, Harrisburg, Hartford, Honolulu, Houston-Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Jackson Hole, Kahului, Kansas City, Kona, Los Angeles, Manchester (NH), Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York-LaGuardia, Newark, Oakland, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Orange County, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland (OR), Providence, Richmond, Rochester (NY), Sacramento, St. Louis, St. Thomas, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan, Seattle/Tacoma, Spokane, Tucson, Washington-Dulles, Washington-Reagan, West Palm Beach)
    • International: (Amsterdam, Aruba, Beijing, Bermuda, Calgary, Cozumel, Frankfurt, Grand Cayman, Hong Kong, London-Heathrow, Mexico City, Montego Bay, Munich, Nagoya-Centrair, Osaka-Kansai, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Puerto Vallarta, San Jose del Cabo, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Singapore, Taipei-Taiwan Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita, Toronto-Pearson, Vancouver, Winnipeg)
    • Ted operated by United Airlines (Cancún, Fort Lauderdale, Las Vegas, Miami, Orlando, Phoenix, Puerto Vallarta [begins December 15, 2006], San Jose del Cabo, San Juan, Tampa)
    • United Express operated by Chautauqua Airlines (Buffalo, Indianapolis, Louisville, Rochester (NY), South Bend, Syracuse)
    • United Express operated by GoJet Airlines (Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky, Jacksonville (FL), Manchester (NH), Omaha, St. Louis, San Antonio, Syracuse, Tulsa)
    • United Express operated by Mesa Airlines (Allentown/Bethlehem, Atlanta, Appleton, Austin, Boise, Calgary, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Charlotte, Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Columbia, Columbus, Daytona Beach, Des Moines, Grand Rapids, Greenville (SC), Kansas City, Manchester (NH), Memphis, Milwaukee, Nashville, Raleigh/Durham, Rochester (NY), Savannah, South Bend, Syracuse, Traverse City, Tulsa, Wichita, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton)
    • United Express operated by Shuttle America (Albany, Albuquerque, Atlanta, Buffalo, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Columbus, Dallas/Fort Worth, Des Moines, Fort Myers, Grand Rapids, Hartford, Houston-Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Montréal, Myrtle Beach, New Orleans, Ottawa, White Plains)
    • United Express operated by SkyWest (Akron/Canton, Allentown/Bethlehem, Appleton, Austin, Birmingham (AL), Burlington, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Charleston (WV), Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky, Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Columbus, Dayton, Des Moines, Edmonton, Fargo, Fayetteville (AR), Fort Wayne, Grand Rapids, Houston-Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Jacksonville (FL), Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Knoxville, Lansing, Lexington, Lincoln, Louisville, Memphis, Milwaukee, Moline, Nashville, Norfolk, Omaha, Peoria, Pittsburgh, Providence, Roanoke, Saginaw, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, Savannah, Sioux Falls, South Bend, Springfield (MO), Syracuse, Traverse City, Tulsa, Wausau/Stevens Point, Wichita, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton)
    • United Express operated by Trans States Airlines (Albany, Bloomington, Burlington, Harrisburg, Madison, Manchester (NH), Milwaukee, Moline, Montréal, Omaha, Portland (ME), Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, St. Louis, South Bend, Syracuse, White Plains)

The original 1955 passenger terminal for international flights, was replaced with the modern Terminal 1, designed by Helmut Jahn, in 1987.

[edit] Terminal 2 (Concourses E and F)

Terminal 2 was built in a large airport expansion in 1962, along with the original portion of Terminal 3.

[edit] Terminal 3 (Concourses G, H, K, and L)

Note: International Arrivals are handled in Terminal 5.

American Airlines Jet at Chicago O'Hare
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American Airlines Jet at Chicago O'Hare
Chicago O'Hare Terminal 3
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Chicago O'Hare Terminal 3
  • Alaska Airlines (Anchorage, Seattle/Tacoma)
  • American Airlines
    • Domestic: (Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore/Washington, Boston, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Detroit, Eagle/Vail/Beaver Creek/Aspen Valley, El Paso, Fayetteville (AR), Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Hartford, Honolulu, Houston-Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Jackson Hole, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Maui, Miami, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Nashville, New Orleans, New York-LaGuardia, Newark, Oklahoma City, Orange County, Orlando, Palm Springs, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland (OR), Providence, Raleigh/Durham, Reno/Tahoe, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan, San Jose (CA), Seattle/Tacoma, Tampa, Tucson, Tulsa, Washington-Reagan, West Palm Beach)
    • International: (Acapulco, Beijing [starts March 25, 2007/Pending Gov't Approval], Brussels, Calgary [seasonal], Cancún, Delhi, Dublin, Frankfurt, London-Heathrow, Manchester (UK), Mexico City, Montréal, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Puerto Vallarta, Rome-Fiumicino [seasonal], San Jose del Cabo, Shanghai-Pudong, Shannon, Tokyo-Narita, Toronto-Pearson, Vancouver [seasonal])
    • American Eagle (Albany, Atlanta, Bloomington, Buffalo, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Champaign/Urbana, Charlotte, Chattanooga, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky, Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Columbia, Columbus, Dayton, Des Moines, Dubuque, Evansville, Fayetteville (AR), Flint, Fort Wayne, Grand Rapids, Green Bay, Greensboro, Greenville (SC), Hartford/Springfield, Harrisburg, Huntsville, Indianapolis, Jackson, Jacksonville, Kalamazoo, Knoxville, La Crosse, Little Rock, Lexington, Louisville, Madison, Marquette, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Moline, Nashville, Nassau, New York-JFK, Newburgh, Norfolk, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Ottawa, Pensacola, Peoria, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Rochester (MN), Rochester (NY), Savannah, Springfield (MO), Syracuse, Toledo, Traverse City, Tulsa, Washington-Dulles, White Plains, Wichita)
  • Delta Air Lines (Atlanta, Salt Lake City)
  • Iberia (Madrid)
  • Spirit Airlines (Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Orlando, Tampa)

Terminal 3 was also built in the 1962 capital program. It was significantly expanded in 1983, with the construction of Concourse L. It is currently undergoing renovation, scheduled to run from January 2004 to Late Fall 2007.

[edit] Terminal 4

Terminal 4 was O'Hare's interim international terminal from 1984 until 1995, located on the ground floor of the main parking garage. International passengers would check in at Terminal 4 and be taken directly to their aircraft by bus. Since the opening of Terminal 5, Terminal 4 has been changed into the airport's facility for CTA buses, hotel shuttles, and other ground transportation. The T4 designation will be used again in the future as new terminals are developed.

[edit] Terminal 5 - International Terminal (Concourse M)

Chicago O'Hare Terminal 5International Terminal
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Chicago O'Hare Terminal 5
International Terminal

Terminal 5 handles all international arrivals at O'Hare (excluding airports with border preclearance), as well as the following departing flights:

[edit] Cargo carriers

[edit] Facilities

[edit] Runways

Runway layout at ORD
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Runway layout at ORD

There are 6 primary air carrier runways, arranged tangentially in 3 pairs of parallel sets. The largest is Runway 14R-32L, 13,000' x 200'. Runways 14L, 14R, 27L and 27R have Category III ILS (Instrument Landing System). All other runways except 4L have full ILS.

Three runways of the original 1943 airfield's four have been upgraded to modern standards. Additional runways were constructed in 1955, 1968, and 1971. In 2003, old Runway 18-36 was permanently closed -- its short length and problematic placement no longer justified its continued certification. Runway 18-36 is now shown as taxiway GG on current airport charts.

The proposed redevelopment would entail removal of the 2 northwest-southeast runways, construction of 4 additional east-west runways, and extension of the 2 existing east-west runways. The two existing northeast-southwest runways would be retained.

Runway 32L is sometimes used for departures in a shortened configuration. Planes access the runway from its intersection at taxiway T10 (common) or taxiway M (not common). This shortens the effective length of the runway but allows operations on runway 9R-27L to continue.

[edit] Transit

  • Road vehicles enter and exit via I-190, which branches off I-90 (the Kennedy Expressway) leading to downtown Chicago. Cars may also access the airport locally from Mannheim Road, the airport's eastern boundary. Aside from cargo access on its south side, all airport traffic travels through the east side of the airport.
  • Trains from the Blue Line of the CTA's "L" depart the terminal from an underground station that opened on September 2, 1984.
  • The VAL ATS (Airport transit system) which was constructed in 1993 connects Terminals 1, 2, 3, and 5 with long-term parking. The ATS runs 24 hours a day, with trains every 3-6 minutes.

[edit] Other facilities

A large air cargo complex on the southwest side of the field was opened in 1984, replacing most of the old cargo area, which stood where Terminal 5 now exists.

The original Douglas plant on the northeast side evolved into an Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve facility, but this was closed in 1998 and is now being redeveloped for cargo and general aviation. Signature Flight Support services private aircraft in this area.

The hangar area has multiple buildings capable of fully enclosing aircraft up to the size of the Boeing 747.

[edit] Popular culture

O'Hare has been referenced by many movies, T.V. shows and songs

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Subcommittee on Aviation: Hearing on Delay Reduction Efforts at Chicago’s O’Hare Airport. United States House of Representatives.
  2. ^ Table 6: Ranking of Major Airport On-Time Departure Performance Year-to-date through July 2006. Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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