Nursing process
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The nursing process is a process by which nurses deliver care to patients. It is often supported by nursing models or philosophies. The nursing process was originally an adapted form of problem-solving and is classified as a deductive theory.
[edit] Characteristics of the nursing process
The nursing process is a cyclical and ongoing process that can end at any stage if the problem is solved. The nursing process exists for every problem that the patient has, and for every element of patient care, rather than once for each patient. The nurse's evaluation of care will lead to changes in the implementation of the care and the patient's needs are likely to change during their stay in hospital as their health either improves or deteriorates. The nursing process not only focuses on ways to improve the patient's physical needs, but on social and emotional needs as well.
[edit] Stages of the nursing process
The Nursing process is often remembered by the acronym ADPIE ("A Delicious PIE" mnemonic is sometimes used to remember this):
- Assessment (of patient's needs)
- Diagnosis (of human response needs that nursing can assist with)
- Planning (of patient's care)
- Implementation (of care)
- Evaluation (of the success of the implemented care)
In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, the diagnosis stage of the process is omitted. Although nurses in the UK determine a patient's needs or problems, they are not widely regarded as "diagnoses".
[edit] Stage one: assessment
The nurse should carry out a complete and holistic nursing assessment of every patient's needs, regardless of the reason for the encounter. Usually, an assessment framework, based on a nursing model or Waterlow scoring, is used. The purpose of this stage is to identify the patient's nursing problems. These problems are expressed as either actual or potential. For example, a patient who has been rendered immobile by a road traffic accident may be assessed as having the "potential for impaired skin integrity related to immobility".
[edit] Stage two: diagnosis
In the U.S., nurses make a nursing diagnosis which is a standardized statement about the health of a client (individual, family, or community) for the purpose of providing nursing care. Nursing diagnoses express the result of the assessment of the patient's problems.
Nursing diagnoses are part of a movement in nursing to standardize terminology which includes standard descriptions of diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Those in support of standardized terminology believe that it will help nursing become more scientific and evidence based.
[edit] Stage three: planning
In agreement with the patient, the nurse addresses each of the problems identified in the planning phase. For each problem a measurable goal is set. For example, for the patient discussed above, the goal would be for the patient's skin to remain intact. The result is a nursing care plan.
[edit] Stage four: implementation
The methods by which the goal will be achieved is also recorded at this stage. The methods of implementation must be recorded in an explicit and tangible format in a way that the patient can understand should he wish to read it. Clarity is essential as it will aid communication between those tasked with carrying out patient care.
[edit] Stage five: evaluation
The purpose of this stage is to evaluate progress toward the goals identified in the previous stages. If progress towards the goal is slow, or if regression has occurred, the nurse must change the plan of care accordingly. Conversely, if the goal has been achieved then the care can cease. New problems may be identified at this stage, and thus the process will start all over again. It is due to this stage that measurable goals must be set - failure to set measurable goals will result in poor evaluations.
The entire process is recorded in an agreed format in the patient's care plan in order to allow all members of the nursing team to perform the agreed care and make additions or changes where appropriate.
