Nupe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- This article is about the ethnic group. For fraternity members called nupes, see Kappa Alpha Psi. For the British trade union, see National Union of Public Employees.
[edit] History
The Nupe are an ethnic group located primarily in the Middle Belt and northern Nigeria and are the dominant group in Niger State. Although a version of their history claim that they originally lived in Egypt the more common tradition traces their origin to Tsoede who fled the court of Idah and established a loose confederation of towns along the Niger in the 15th century. The Nupe were converted to Islam at the end of the eighteenth century by Mallam Dendo, a wandering preacher, and were incorporated into the Fulɓe kingdoms established by the Jihad after 1806. However, the traditions of Nupe were retained, hence the ruler of Nupe is the Etsu Nupe rather than being called Emir. Nupe fell to the British forces in 1897, the Etsu Abubakar was deposed and replaced by the more pliable Muhammadu (Vandeleur 1898). More detail on the history of the Nupe kingdoms can be found in Burdon (1909), Nadel (1942), Hogben & Kirk-Greene (1966:261-282) and Mason (1981).
There are probably about half-a-million Nupe, principally in Niger State. They are primarily Muslims, although traditional religion remains very strong. The Nupe people have several local, traditional rulers but they are fundamentaly ruled by the Etsu Nupe. The Etsu Nupe is not Nupe and is actually part of the Fula tribe but they came to rule the Nupe in the 1806. Their present capital is Bida although they were originally based at Rabah and only moved to Bida in the nineteenth century.
[edit] Traditions, art and culture
The Nupe people have various traditions. As Muslims much of their culture is adopted from the Arab nations but they still hold on to much of their culture. Many Nupe people often have tribal scars on their faces, some to identify their prestige and the family of which they belong as well as for protection, as well as jewelry adornment. But these traditions are dying out in certain areas.
The Nupe are traditionally Muslim and their art is therefore abstract. They particularly make wooden stools with patterns carved onto the surface.The Nupes also consist of those of Christian faiths as well.
The Nupe were first described in detail by the ethnographer Siegfried Nadel, whose book, Black Byzantium, remains an anthropological classic.
Nupe bibliography
Adeniyi, E.O. (1972a) A Geographical Analysis of the Population and Rural Economic Development in the Middle Belt of Nigeria: A Case Study from Bida and Minna Divisions of Niger Province. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Ibadan.
Adeniyi, E.O. (1972b) Land Tenure and Agricultural Development in Nupeland. Nigerian Geographical Journal, 15,1:49-57.
Agaie, Isa (n.d.) Nupe marriage and custom. Locally published in Nigeria.
Allen, W. & Thomson, T.R.H. (1848 repr. 1968) A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majesty's Government to the River Niger in 1841. Richard Bentley, Lon¬don.
Angulu, U.A. (1965) Paddy rice cultivation in Bida Emirate, Niger Province. B.A.Thesis, University of Ibadan.
anon. (1957) Pategi regatta. Nigeria Magazine, 54:289-292.
anon. (1956) Crafts of Bida. Nigeria Magazine, 49:138-147.
anon. (1980) A progress report on Nupe language projects. Nigerian Language Teacher, 3,1:42-5.
Baikie, W.B. (1856) Narrative of an exploring voyage up the Rivers Kwora and Binue. John Murray, London.
Baikie, W.B. & May, D.J. (1857-8) Extracts of Reports from the Niger Expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Geographcal Society, 2.
Baikie, W.B. (1867) Notes of a Journey from Bida in Nupe to Kano in Hausa in 1862. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 37:92-109.
Banfield, Rev. A.W. (1914 & 1916) Dictionary of the Nupe language. Vols. I & II. The Niger Press, Shonga.
Banfield, Rev. A.W. & Macintyre J.L. (1915) A grammar of the Nupe language. London, SPCK.
Bennett, P.R. & Sterk, J.P. (1978) South-Central Niger-Congo: a reclassification. Studies in African Linguistics, 8,2:241-273.
Blench, R.M. (1983) Social determinants of differential responses to Western¬ization in two Nigerian Societies. Cambridge Anthropology, Vol. 8,3:34-53.
Blench, R.M. (1981) Nupe Childrens' Songs in their Social Context'. Lecture delivered to the Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, distributed in mimeo.
Blench, R.M. (1982) Social structure and the evolution of language boundaries in Nigeria. Cambridge Anthropology, 7,3:19-30.
Blench, R.M. (1984) Islam among the Nupe. Muslim peoples. (ed. 2). Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
Blench, R.M. (1986) The historical reconstruction of evolving crop repertoires among the Nupe and related peoples. Pp. 33-44 in C.F. Hoffmann, Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag, Buske, Hamburg.
Blench, R.M. (1989a) Nupoid. Pp. 305-322 in Niger-Congo. ed. J. Bendor-Samuel, Universities Press of America, Lanham.
Blench, R.M. (1989b) The Evolution of the Cultigen repertoire of the Nupe. Azania, XXIV:51-63.
Brandes, H.W. (1970/71) Zur entwicklung eines Haustyps in Bida. Afrika und Ubersee, LIV:206-211
Burdo, A. (trans. Sturge) (1880) A voyage up the Niger and Benueh. Richard Bentley, London.
Burdon, J.A. (1904) The Fulani Emirates of Northern Nigeria. Geographical Jour¬nal, 6:636-651.
Burdon, J.A. (ed.) (1909 repr. 1972) Northern Nigeria, Historical Notes on Certain Emirates and Tribes. London. CAPRO Research Office 1995b. Kingdoms at War. Jos: CAPRO Media. [Niger, Kebbi, FCT].
Chumbow, B.S. & Ejimatswa, E.W. (1984) Nupe abstractness revisited via Bassa-Nge. Paper to the 4th. Linguistic Association of Nigeria Conference.
Clapperton, Capt. H. (1829 repr. 1966) Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa. John Murray, London.
Clarke, W.H. (1972) Travels and Explorations in Yorubaland, (1854-1858). Ibadan University Press.
Crowther, S.A. (1842) Journals of the Rev. J.F. Schon & Mr. S. Crowther who accompanied the expedition up the Niger in 1841. C.M.S. London.
Crowther, S.A. (1860) Nupe Primer. CMS, London.
Crowther, S.A. (1872) Bishop Crowther's report on the overland journey from Lokoja to Bida..1871..1872. London.
Crowther, S.A. & Taylor, J. (1859 repr. 1968) The Gospel on the Banks of the Niger. London.
Crowther, S.A. (1864) A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Nupe Language. CMS, London.
Dupigny, C. (1920) Gazetteer of Nupe Province. Waterlow, London.
Eccles, P. (1962) Nupe Bronzes. Nigeria Magazine, 73:13-25.
Forde, D. (1955) The Nupe. Pp. 17-52 in Peoples of the Niger-Benue Confluence. IAI, London.
Frobenius, L. (1913) Und Afrika Sprach. Vita, Berlin-Charlottenburg.
Frobenius, L. (1913) The voice of Africa. Hutchinson, London.
George I. see under Madugu I.G. Gobel, P. (1969) Nupeglas im Museum fur Volkerkunde zu Leipzig. Jahrbuch des Museums fur Volkerkunde zu Leipzig, XXVI: 229-246.
Gregersen, E.A. (1967) Linguistic Seriation as a dating device for loanwords, with special reference to West Africa. African Language Review, 6:102-108.
Hair, P.E.H. (1976) The Early Study of Nigerian Languages. CUP, Cambridge. [Bibliography of early writings on Nupe p.100]
Hansford, K., Stanford, R. & Bendor-Samuel, J. (1976) An index of Nigerian languages. SIL, Tamale, Ghana.
Harms, R.T. (1973) How abstract is Nupe? Language, 49,2:439-446.
Hogben, S.J. & Kirk-Greene A.H.M. (1966) The Emirates of Northern Nigeria [Nupe pp. 261-282]. OUP, London.
Hyman, L.M. & Magaji, D.J. (1970) Essentials of Gwari grammar. Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, Occasional Publication, No. 27.
Hyman, L.M. (1970c) Some diachronic aspects of serial verbs. Unpublished paper.
Hyman, L.M. (1972) Nasals and nasalization in Kwa. Studies in African Linguisics, 3:167-205.
Hyman, L.M. (1973) Nupe three years later. Language, 49,2:447-452.
Hyman, L.M. (197Oa) How concrete is phonology? Language, 46,1:58-76.
Hyman, L.M. (197Ob) The role of borrowing in the justification of phonological grammars. Studies in African Linguistics, 1:1-48.
Ibrahim, Saidu 1992. The Nupe and their neighbours from the 14th century. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational books.
Johnson, H. & Christaller, J. (1886) Vocabularies of the Niger and Gold Coast. SPCK, London. [Nupe pp. 5-8]
Johnson, M. (1973) Cloth on the Banks of the Niger. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 6.
Katcha, A. (1978) An Experimental Demographic Study of the Nupe of Niger State; the case of Sakpe village. Australian National University Press, Canberra.
Koelle, S.W. (1854 repr. 1967) Polyglotta Africana. CMS, London.
Kohnert, D. (1978) Unternehmer und Grundherren Nord-Nigerias im Kampf um die politische Macht. Afrika Spectrum, 13:269-286.
Kohnert, D. (1979) Rural Class Differentiation in Nigeria -Theory and Practice. A quantitative approach in the case of Nupeland. Afrika Spectrum, 14:295-315.
Kohnert, D. (1982) Klassenbildung im Ländlichen Nigeria. Arbeiten aus dem Institut für Afrika-kunde, 42. Hamburg.
Krohn, R. (1974) Is there a rule of absolute neutralization in Nupe? mimeo. (not seen).
Laird, Macgregor & Oldfield, A.K.R. (1837) Narrative of an expedition into the Interior of Africa. Richard Bentley, London.
Lander, R. & J. (1832) Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course and Ter¬mination of the Niger. (3 vols.) London.
Lander, R. & Lander, J. (1832) Explorations and adventures on the Niger River. Ward Lock, London.
Lander, R. (1830) Records of Captain Clapperton's last expedition to Africa. Colburn & Bentley, London.
Lines, G.W. (1943) The Bida rice industry. Farm and Forest (Ibadan), 4:89-91.
Lovejoy, P. (1974) Inter-regional money flows in the pre-colonial trade of Nigeria. JAH, 15:563-87.
Macfie, J.W.S. (1912) A jeweller in Northern Nigeria. Revue Internationale d'Ethnologie et de Sociologie, 9-1O:281-6.
Macrow, D.W. (1956) Nupe of Pategi. Nigeria, 50:260-279.
Macrow, D.W. (1962) Crafts of Bida. Nigeria, 74:55-60.
N.B. [Dr. Madugu's name appears as Isaac George in earlier publications]
Madugu, I.G. (1970) Nupe tonology. Studies in African Linguistics, 1:100-122.
Madugu, I.G. (1974) Verb serialization in Nupe. Seminar paper, Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ibadan.
Madugu, I.G. (1975) A grammar of Kwa-type verb serialization; its nature and significance for current generative theory. Ph.d. UCLA, California.
Madugu, I.G. (1976) Review article: Dictionary of the Nupe Language. African Languages, 2:152-155.
Madugu, I.G. (1977) The Nupe verb and syntactic change. Seminar paper, Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ibadan.
Madugu, I.G. (1979a) Auxiliary verbs in Nupe and diachrony. Kiabara, II,2:90-101
Madugu, I.G. (1979b) The Nupe verb and diachrony. Ibadan Journal of Humanistic Studies, 1:74-97.
Madugu, I.G. (1982) The na..na construction in Nupe. Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria, 1:35-46.
Madugu, I.G. (1984) Quantifiers and Negation in Nupe. Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria, 2:31-6.
Madugu, I.G. (1985) Complex verbs in Nupe and Yoruba. Studies in African Linguisics, 16,3:295-321.
Madugu, I.G. (1986a) Category incorporation in Kwa. Paper for the 7th. Linguistic Association of Nigeria Con¬ference, Maiduguri.
Madugu, I.G. (1986b) The Category adjective in Nupe. Paper for the WALS Conference, Ibadan.
Madugu, I.G. (1987) Circumstantial ideophones in Nupe. Paper for the 8th. Linguistic Association of Nigeria Conference, Port Harcourt.
Madugu, I.G. [as George I.] (1971) The a construction in Nupe: Perfective, Sta¬tive, Causative or Instrumental. In Kim C-W. & Stahlke H. Papers in African Linguistics, I' pp. 81-100. Linguistic Research Institute, Champaign.
Mason, M. (1970) The Nupe kingdom in the nineteenth century. A political economy. Ph.d. thesis, Centre for West African Studies, Birmingham.
Mason, M. (1973) Captive and client labour and the economy of the Bida Emirate. Journal of African History, 14:453-471.
Mason, M. (1975) The Tsoede Myth and the Nupe Kinglists: More Political Propaganda? History in Africa, 2:101-112.
Mason, M. (1979) The Bida Emirate in the Nineteenth century. Zaria: ABU press.
May, D.J. (1860) Journey in the Yoruba and Nupe countries..1858. JRGS, 30.
Meek, C.K. (1925) The Northern Tribes of Nigeria. Humphrey Milford, London.
Migeod, F.W.H. (1911) The Languages of West Africa. Vol. 1, London.
Milum, J. Notes of a Journey from Lagos up the River Niger to Bida ..and Ilorin..1879-80. Proc. RGS, 3.
Morton-Williams, P. (1968) The Fulani penetration into Nupe and Yoruba in the Nineteenth Century. in History and Social Anthropology. ASA Monographs, 7:1-24.
Nadel, S.F. (1935a) Nupe state and community. Africa, VIII, 3:257-3O3
Nadel, S.F. (1935b) The king's hangmen; a judicial organization in Central Africa. Man, XXXV, 143:129-132.
Nadel, S.F. (1935c) Witchcraft and anti-witchcraft in Nupe society. Africa, 8,4:423-447.
Nadel, S.F. (1937) Gunnu -a fertility cult of the Nupe in Northern Nigeria. JRAI,XLVII:91-13O.
Nadel, S.F. (1938) Social symbiosis and tribal organization. Man, 38(85):85- 9O.
Nadel, S.F. (1940a) The Kede; a riverain state in North Nigeria. In African Political systems. pp. 164-195 ed. Fortes and Evans-Pritchard. OUP for IAI, London.
Nadel, S.F. (1940b) Glass-making in Nupe. Man, 40(107):85-86.
Nadel, S.F. (1942) A Black Byzantium. OUP for IAI, London.
Nadel, S.F. (1949) The Gani ritual of Nupe; a study in social symbiosis. Africa, XIX, 3:177-186.
Nadel, S.F. (1954a) Nupe religion. Kegan Paul, London.
Nadel, S.F. (1954b) Morality and Language among the Nupe. Man, 54(77):55-57. Reprinted in Language in Culture & Society. ed. D. Hymes pp. 264-266. Harper & Row, New York.
Nicholson, W.E. (1934) Bida (Nupe) Pottery. Man, 34:71-73.
Perani, J.M. (1977) Nupe crafts; the dynamics of change in nineteenth and twentieth century weaving and brassworking. Ph.D. Fine Arts, Indiana University.
Reed, W. et al. (1967) Fish and fisheries of Northern Nigeria. Gaskiya Corpora¬tion, Zaria. [Appendix containing Nupe names of fish]
Roberts, E.W. (1976) Phonological theory, absolute neutralization and the case of Nupe. Glossa, 10:241-287.
Rodrigues, N. (1932) Os Africanos no Brasil. Sao Paulo.
Rolphs, G. (1867) Die Art der Begrussung bei verschiedenen Negerstammen. Petermann's Mitteilungen, pp. 333-6.
Simpson, W.H. (1871) Report of the Niger Expedition-Mr.Simpson to Earl Granville. Unpublished FO report, 84-1351. Public Record Office.
Sloat, C. & Taylor, S.H. (1980) A reconsideration of the Nupe Problem. Founda¬tions of Language, 4:257-269.
Smith, N.V. (1964) A phonological and grammatical study of the verb in Nupe. Unpublished Ph.D. London University.
Smith, N.V. (1967a) The phonology of Nupe. Journal of African Languages, 6:153-169.
Smith, N.V. (1967b) An outline grammar of Nupe. SOAS, University of London.
Smith, N.V. (1969a) The verb in Nupe. African Language Studies, X:90-160.
Smith, N.V. (1969b) Nupe. Pp.133-141 in E. Dunstan (ed.) Twelve Nigerian Languages. Longmans.
Smith, N.V. (1971) Rule ordering in Nupe. Actes du 8ème Congres du SLAO. Ann. Univ. Abidjan Ser. H. Vol. I:131-139.
Smith, N.V. (1980) Nupe. West African Language Data Sheets. (Vol. 2) ed. M.E. Kropp-Dakubu. African Studies, University of Leiden (not paginated).
Staudinger, P. (1906) Glassachen, namentlich Armringe, sowie auch gläserne Armringe aus Nupe. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. Jg. 38:231-2.
Stevens, P. (1966) Nupe woodcarving. Nigeria, 88:21-35.
Tajudeen Audu,(2003) the first chartart accountant in Edu local Government area of kwara state. the fertility of Nupe women.
Temple, O. (1922) Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the northern Provinces of Nigeria. C.M.S. Nigeria.
Theis, M. (1981) Bida master plan. Max Lock, Nigeria. [Bound mimeo: locally distributed]
Toutée, (Comm.) (1897) Dahomé, Niger, Touareg. Récit de Voyage. Paris. translated as:
Vandeleur, S. (1898) Campaigning on the Upper Nile and Niger. Methuen, London.
Vandeleur, S[eymour]. (1897) Nupe and Ilorin. Geographical Journal X, 4:349-374.
Vernon-Jackson, H. (1960) Craft Work in Bida. Africa, 30,1:51-60.
Viard, E. (1886) Au Bas-Niger. Guérin et Cie, Paris.
Westermann, D. (1927) Das Nupe in Nigerien. Mitt. Sem. Orient. Spr. 30,3:173-207
Westermann, D. (1935) Charakter und Einteilung der Sudansprachen. Africa, 8:129-148.
Westermann, D. (1937) Laut und Sinn in einigen westafrikanischen Sprachen. Ar¬chiv. für vergl. Phonetik (Berlin), 1:154-172 & 193-211.