Talk:Nuclear power

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[edit] Quality of water needed

Does the quality of water needed be of importance? Meaning acidic levels needed/restricted or even amount of debris allowed, etc

-G

[edit] Fission is the same as decay?

According to the article

Nuclear energy is produced when a fissile material, such as uranium-235 (235U), is concentrated such that the natural rate of radioactive decay is accelerated in a controlled chain reaction and creates heat - which is used to boil water, produce steam, and drive a steam turbine

I don't even know if it is true but at least it seems misleading to equate fission with acceleration of natural decay and to talk about changes in the rate of decay. To me it seems decay refers to the natural processses which are of course not accelerated.

== Unanswered Facts or Questions==a There has been no mention in the Nuclear Power wiki article on how much remote energy (from fossil fuel run power sources) is needed to run a typical nuclear power station/reactor on a day to day basis.

Surely a nuclear power station is capable of producing all the power it needs to operate itself... Roberdin 21:28, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

It certainly is. In most life cycle studies, the major uses of fossil fuel in operating nuclear plants is in the construction and ultimate decomissioning of the plants, and enrichment of the uranium (assuming that the electricity from enrichment is generated by fossil fuels, which is not necessarily the case). Day to day operations are a miniscule fraction of the power generated by the plants. --Robert Merkel 21:47, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Presumably the reason fossil fuels are used is due to the location of the processing plant. Benjamin Gatti

Actually, nuclear power plants prefer to run on offsite power. This is so that, in the event of a sudden shutdown of the unit, it may not be necessary to start the emergency diesel generators - one less challenge to the safety systems. (The EDGs are routinely tested and the start times carefully monitored.) However, that offsite power may essentially come from another nuclear plant. I have no knowledge what the typical "house loads" are. Simesa 05:05, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

The above statement is completely false for Naval Reactors that are operated on land. Reactors that are running (critical) prefer to use on site power. Reactors that are shut down (sub-critical), and do not require much power will run on off site power. I can not speak for any of the Civilian plants, but the Naval Reactor plants do not want to run on offsite power when critical. If you run on off site power, you are at the mercy of the power generation (quantity AND quality). Power plants would rather be run on their own power, as it is a lot easier to control power distribution.

Naval reactors are not considered power plants (a sub was once sent to power a Hawaiian island after a natural disaster, but it proved to be impractical). The very few naval reactors run on land are run for the purpose of training naval crews - of course they would want to simulate actual operational conditions. A website discussing naval reactors on land would be appreciated {[1] is a start). Simesa 03:21, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Naval Reactors are 100% considered power plants. They might not be commercial power plants, but they are indeed power plants. Discussing land based Naval Nuclear power plants would a good idea.Nly8nchz 10:49, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

As of right now, there are only 2 Naval Nuclear power plants that are 100% land based. They are in New York. There are 2 plants that are in South Carolina that are submarines, but for all tense and purposes, they are land based reactors.Nly8nchz 10:49, 21 November 2006 (UTC)Nly8nchz 11:02, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

If something occurs where electrical power is lost, and can not be regained instantly, power will be directed from the emergency diesel generators, not outside sources. Most of the time, the outside sources are less reliable than the sources that are available internally. Nly8nchz 01:54, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

In most places the grid is normally pretty stable and not strongly affected by the sudden loss of one unit, and multiple transmission lines rarely simultaneously fail, so offsite power is much less likely to fail than main generator power - so offsite power is relied on. However, the three EDGs per unit are still there. Station blackout is supposedly a limiting event for PWRs in transient/safety analysis. Simesa 03:29, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Are you referring to any Nuclear Power plant in particular? "Pretty Stable" is not stable enough for emergencies in Nuclear Power. Like I have said in the other replies, Nuclear Power plants do NOT rely on outside power for emergencies. Once the emergency has been fixed, there is a great possibility that all of the loads will be powered by outside sources, but only if the reactors are shut down completely.Nly8nchz 11:02, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

But we would be safe in assuming that the house load is a small fraction of the plant power output, wouldn't we? --Robert Merkel 05:24, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

When shut down, house loads are very minimal. When critical, house loads are huge. I am not sure

You are correct, loads are very small when shut down, but when the reactor is running, the loads are HUGE.Nly8nchz 11:02, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

That an energy source, such as solar or nuclear, is dependent on another, perhaps less desirable one or that it produces less energy than it consumes is a usually false claim used by opponents of the energy source. It is true for hydrogen, but that is because some people mistook it for an energy source when, at least on Earth, it is really an energy storage medium, though a potentially useful one. Also, some people either do not understand or do not realize that a power plant can produce more energy than it took to build it, operate it and to deliver and prepare the fuel. Anyway, Robert Merkel is correct. The energy used for processing is small compared to the nuclear power plant output. -- Kjkolb 13:28, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Nuclear plants power their safety-related electrical loads (pumps, vavles, fans, etc. that function during an emergency) from off-site power. This way, if there is an emergency, these components will start right away and the diesel generators don't have to load (but they will start). Off-site power is from the national grid so it could come from any generation source. The daily operational (house/hotel) loads are generally fed back to the plant either from separate transformers after the main transformer but before the main switchyard or from the main switchyard but before the interconnects with the grid. The latter is used mainly as a finiancial ploy (they "charge" the plant a higher rate for power then write it off as an operating cost) to reduce taxes. The hotel loads are about 5% of the plant's net output depending on plant design (e.g. motor-driven main feed pumps vs steam turbine driven). Most of the energy used for making fuel is in the enrichment process; not the actual fabrication of fuel pellets or fuel rods. In a reprocessing cycle, fuel costs are reduced by about a factor of 20 since you are 'reusing' the fuel without any further enrichment. Waste is reduced by about a factor of 6. However, reprocessing invovles dissolving all the fuel rods in acid then using pH control and chemicals creating another disposal problem.

The above paragraph is VERY incorrect. Land Based Nuclear Power plants do NOT rely on outside sources for emergencies. For emergencies, they rely 100% on the back up power ie: Emergency Diesel Generators. After emergencies occur, if the power plants can safely switch to commercial power, after the emergency is fixed, switching to commercial power is not out of the question, and in fact occurs often. Outside power ie:commercial power grid, is VERY unreliable. Most people would think that the power going to your house is pretty reliable, but that is far from the truth. Any time you do not have full voltage from the generators, and 60Hz, loads start to act funny, and breakers trip, which cause loads to lose power. Nuclear power is not able to rely on these conditions, which occur very often in commercial power girds. The person that wrote the above paragraph did not sign it, but I will gladly sign mine. I was a Nuclear Electrician in the US Navy for 6 years. I do not know everything about Nuclear Power, but I do not quite a bit.Nly8nchz 10:49, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] NPOV Tag

Do we still need a NPOV tag on this article? It seems reasonably NPOV at this time. If someone could point out specifically where the NPOV issues exist, I would appreciate it. Otherwise I would like to remove the NPOV tag. Lucid-dream 18:03, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

I would suggest that where this article expresses soapbox opinions about matters other than Nuclear Power it violates NPOV. Do a search for the word "wind". In each case, the sentence is an irresponsible pot shot citing the worst case studies and leaving out the absence of best case research. The article should - as does Nuclear reactor - content itself with the subject matter without being a soapbox for the anti-renewable platform of it's editors. Benjamin Gatti 06:50, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Aren't you the one that keeps inserting comparisons to renewables into the article? at least where you believe they are favourable to renewables? and "irresponsible" is the wrong word - wikipedia is responsible for nothing ;). I think it's time we got rid of the tag too, can you give a list of exact instances you still find issue with? Lets fix them and move on at last.. TastyCakes 07:20, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

As the Supreme Court often says - it's all or nothing. If this is going to be a platform to denigrate emerging renewable energy technologies, than it should also be a platform to defend them. Take your pick. NPOV is fine with both sides being told, and NPOV is fine with neither side being told, and I happen to lean towards the notion that the article should stick closely with its advertised subject. The list again is every instance of the word "wind" - there are about three, and in each case its a cherry-picked research paper intended to throw nuclear energy in the best light. I think the article is apologetic for Chernobyl and downright hostile to wind:

"While the Chernobyl accident caused great negative health, economic, environmental and psychological effects in a widespread area, the accident at Chernobyl was caused by a combination of the faulty RBMK reactor design, the lack of a containment building, poorly trained operators, and a non-existent safety culture."

Most engaged minds believe that the most probable nexus between nuclear power and an ENO will be intentional - thus the anachronistic argument that no one will make this mistake again is apologetic. Chernobyl represents the least dangerous threat of nuclear power, and no amount of blaming Chernobyl on faulty design will reduce the chances of intentional misappropriation.

I don't know what an ENO is, but I'm fairly sure English National Opera isn't it. —wwoods

(Extraordinary Nuclear Occurrence) Benjamin Gatti

Wind power was calculated to be more than twice as expensive as nuclear power. In many studies, wind is calculated as cheaper and continuing to improve. Nuclear, as a mature technology is not experiencing much cost improvement.

Actually, nuclear costs have improved substantially as load factors have increased. And new designs offer the prospect of further improvements. —wwoods

Fine - that belongs in the article - unbalanced assertions about wind do not and their presence justifies the NPOV tag. Benjamin Gatti 19:09, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

For example, studies in Britain have shown that increasing wind power production contribution to 20% of all energy production, without costly pumped hydro or electrolysis/fuel cell storage, would only reduce coal or nuclear power plant capacity by 6.7% (from 59 to 55 GWe) since they must remain as backup in the absence of power storage. This presupposes an irrational market which is blinded to supply/demand. If we operated our roads under this concept, we would fail to account for rush hour. The truth is there are many ways to avoid travelling during peak load, thus this study demonstrates a market failure, not a technology impasse.

People will continue to expect power when they want it, whether or not the wind is blowing, so back-up is not optional. —wwoods 18:54, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Nuclear doesn't respond well to demand shifts any more than wind doesn't respond well to supply shifts, in both cases, pumped storage and or expensive NG will be required to arbitrage the difference. Making the false argument justifies then NPOV tag. Benjamin Gatti

That's pure nonsense as nothing is stopping the building of a large enough spinning reserve into a nuclear powerplant to cover the difference. Another one of your half-truths. Do you wonder why you get no respect? --DV8 2XL 02:36, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Other than economics of course. What size spinning reserve do you imagine is necessary to shift the winter peak into the spring ? What size do you suppose necessary even to cover the six hour peak loads in a typical summer afternoon? The point is that Nuclear energy has every bit as much the same challenge in meeting 100% demand at 100% utilization as wind has - the recent improvements in utilization are largely due to the rise in cheap to buy, but expensive to use NG peakers. We might hope to have alternatives to fossil fired peakers in the future, but citing an article which disparages the capability of wind to match supply with demand in a nuclear article is naive, misleading, and at this point - willfully so. Benjamin Gatti 04:09, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

So you have some numbers to cover your suppositions about scaling? In other words why would it be more expensive to cover peaking with larger (or more) N-plants than it would be for storage to cover for wind? The big difference being that thermonuclear is an known technology and large scale storage is still in the development stages.

It is silly to build nuclear plants to cover peak loads; they are very expensive to build and to secure, which means much of the cost (interest) is incurred whether they are running or not. Economically, they make sense only for base loads. NG plants on the other hand are cheap to build (about a third $700 per KW vs. $2000 per KW) but they have higher running costs (Particular if NG goes up). To build enough nuclear to cover peak loads as well as base loads would cost maybe twice as much as building NG peakers. Also bear in mind that NG peakers can be built where they are needed, sometimes even mobile so they can address infrastructure limitations as well (ie wires), and be more efficient with respect to wire losses. So bottom line - Nuclear is not a load-following solution - as wind is not a load-following solution. To use this article as a forum to denigrate wind for not following load without disclosing that nuclear doesn't follow load is clearly inappropriate and justifies the NPOV tag. Benjamin Gatti 20:11, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Like I said below: not while Ben is here.

Nuclear power, coal, and wind power are currently the only realistic large scale energy sources that would be able to replace oil and natural gas after a peak in global oil and gas production has been reached (see peak oil). Wave, Tidal, and Gyre sources are abundant and only beginning to be tapped. There is no evidence that oil will peak - there is such a theory and it has many detractors - this is hardly the place to presuppose future events. (WP:Crystal Ball)

NIMBY seems to be at work on those projects too. --DV8 2XL 02:36, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

NIMBY issues exist with wind, and impounded tidal projects. Free flow tidal, gyre, and wave projects do not appear to trigger substantial concern. Wave power in particular may have additional benefits such as border containment and the mitigation of coastal erosion. It is arguable that a wave plant in front of New Orleans could have absorbed much of the storm force and prevented some of the devastation. Benjamin Gatti 04:09, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

The others haven't drawn fire because they haven't been developed to the stage where large projects are seeking aproval. I can forsee a few enviormental issues that will have to be answered for all of them.

First - neither true nor false - second, the NIMBY issue for renewables is I suggest not fully relevant to nuclear. Benjamin Gatti 20:11, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

So there are some. Benjamin Gatti 15:03, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

At least as long as Ben Gatti can still draw a breath. --DV8 2XL 16:09, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

I didn't place the NPOV tag, and I worked to get rid of it, even removed it myself once - good luck - I'm just answering the question posed. Benjamin Gatti 19:09, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

I think the article is still POV to a point. The life cycle section should mention current usage. It has been argued that the best solution for the nuclear waste is above ground temporary storage since technology is rapidly changing. The current waste may well become valuable fuel in the future, particularly if it is not reprocessed, as in the U.S. could use a source; as could Proponents of nuclear power state that nuclear energy is the only power source which explicitly factors the estimated costs for waste containment and plant decommissioning into its overall cost, and that the quoted cost of fossil fuel plants is deceptively low for this reason. The cost of some renewables would be increased too if they included necessary back-up due to their intermittent nature. and Generally, a nuclear power plant is significantly more expensive to build than an equivalent coal-fuelled or gas-fuelled plant. However, coal is significantly more expensive than nuclear fuel, and natural gas significantly more expensive than coal - thus natural gas-generated power is the most expensive. and the Operating Costs section and Nuclear power, coal, and wind power are currently the only realistic large scale energy sources that would be able to replace oil and natural gas after a peak in global oil and gas production has been reached. What is the Rocky Montain Institute and why do I care what they think? kotepho 08:48, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

"Nuclear power is the controlled use of nuclear reactions to do useful work including propulsion, heat, and the generation of electricity." The word useful is biased and indicates that the creation of these energies is favored. Certainly we no longer say that slavery is useful, because it causes more problems than it solves. Perhaps a similar light will eventually be cast on these energies. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Vices (talk • contribs).

It depends on your perspective. An atomic bomb obviously does work (physics) but there is no way to harness that work to do something productive. I think the wording could be better, but it is a far stretch to call it biased. kotepho 07:24, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

The point was that the word useful is a perspective, point of view, essentially biased adjective. Few adjectives are not biased, and I was simply pointing out the idea that energy production is blindly considered to be a positive thing in our culture. The idea being that there may eventually be a culture in which the 'production' of heat, electrical, or atomic energy is considered bad or inappropriate. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Vices (talk • contribs).

Hmmm, drifting into Crystall Ball territory here. As it stands, surely we should view generation of energy as a positive thing. --OscarTheCat^talk

12:00, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Energy cannot be produced so certainly we cannot view it as a positive thing. If a culture comes to exist that does not value doing anything I'll burn that bridge when I come to it. kotepho 11:54, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Being the contributor of the phrase "to do useful work" I can assure the concerned party that it is not intended as anything more than the driest scientific term. The prior language used the self-referential form "Nuclear energy is energy" which as you can see id helpful only to those who don't need help. Energy is fundamentally the ability to do work. Nuclear energy - as it is meant here, being separate from nuclear bomb for example - requires harnessing the rather volatile energy of a nuclear reaction to do more than mere work, but to do useful work, or work that is fungible and convertible into practical forms. The raw and unbridled release of nuclear energy is more properly the domain of nuclear explosions. In any case, this would make the first time I have been accused of a bias in favor of nuclear energy, something which many, including the Arbcom would take with some irony. Cheers. Benjamin Gatti 01:53, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Sorry to jump in but I was puzzled by some of the wording on the article. Since the phrase starts with "the controlled use of" you don't really need the term "useful". A nuclear bomb is the uncontrolled use of fission. The delivery of the fissile material is controlled but what happens to the nuclear products is uncontrolled. Nuclear reactors are just controlled, contained atomic bombs - the physics is the same. The word "useful" does look like a POV as I've only ever seen it written like that in BNFL leaflets. Also why is the term nuclear reactions used and not nuclear fission which is what is actually taking place. This is a blurring of terms that should not happen. Again I have been annoyed by BNFL likening the workings of a nuclear reactor to how the sun works (Nuclear fusion) - if a nuclear reactor produced helium we'd all have a big party with lots of the balloons filled with the waste as opposed to concrete bunkers and special processing plants. Sophia^TalkTCF 14:15, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

There is difference between "Controlled" and "useful". A controlled reaction is one which is able to be regulated (ie turned off or turned on)whereas useful means the energy is able to be used to carry out work piratically (ie spin a generator or heat a home). For instance,there are controlled fission reactors that produce no "useful" energy (ie research reactors and zero power reactors). The use of energy from nuclear reactions for practical purposes is what differentiates Nuclear power from just a plain old nuclear reaction.~User:Revengeofthynerd

The definitions I have seen used of "control" in physical process is that there is some regulation of the process to achieve some desired outcome - hence I feel the word "useful" is redundant. The other types of reactors that you mention do have their "uses". To research physicists they are very "useful" - granted it's not the power produced that is the major use. As a physicist I have never heard nuclear power described that way. I think the problems stem from the way the sentence is worded so I'll have a go a rewording it and post it here to see what anyone else thinks. Sophia^TalkTCF 18:29, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Respectfully Sophia, I suggest that you are singling out the one word "useful", when in fact I have purposely employed the common three word phrase "Do Useful Work". [2]

The point of "Nuclear Power" is the net production of power (or the ability to "do useful work"). This is one of countless pages which explain the utility and distinction of Free Exergonic energy. [3] User:Revengeofthynerd appears to understand exactly the meaning and distinguishing significance of "controlled" reactions and the phrase "do useful work." These serve to explain the subject in language which is both scientifically accurate and accessible to the average reader. Benjamin Gatti 04:11, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

So why does a google search of "nuclear power' and "do useful work" come up with virtually nothing other than echos of this wiki page? My point is it is not a description commonly used. [4] Sophia^TalkTCF 08:06, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Google [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] need I continue? "Useful work" is indeed a common phrase in the context of science. [10]. If you think those without a basic scientific background will not understand what is meant by it please propose an alternate wording. kotepho 09:44, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Regardless of your opinions of whether producing energy by nuclear reactions is beneficial or harmful, I think all of us agree that the end product (electricity or heat) is useful to society (“Useful” is defined as “being of use or service”). For instance, no one can deny that slave labor is useful (ie cheap production of sugar), it’s just that other factors (Moral and ethical) outweigh the usability. Therefore, I believe that the word useful is not POV. If this does not convince you, then I suggest the following alternative, “Nuclear power is the application of controlled nuclear reactions to produce energy in a useable form, including propulsion, heat, and the generation of electricity.”Revengeofthynerd 17:54, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

I have not raised any NPOV points. I have raised glaring inaccuracies in the terms used. Even the nuclear reactions given in the first sentence is an example of fusion with a minor mention at the end of fission which is what actually takes place in a nuclear power core. I am therefore bound to think that the main editors of this page are in need of input from a trained physicist who can help with the usual terminology associated with this technology. I am obviously wrong. Sophia^TalkTCF 22:11, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Fission is infact a nuclear reaction and this article deals with nuclear power in general in some places (otherwise we wouldn't be discussing fusion). As such, the use of nuclear reaction is warranted in some cases. Which first sentence are you referring to? If you actually list what you think is inaccurate we can fix it. kotepho 23:55, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

A windmill uses the force of the wind to do useful work [11]
nuclear reactor that could produce enough heat to do useful work. [12]

The phrase "Do Useful Work" is a traditional phrase use in physics to define "energy" and is used here to conflate the popular synonyms "Nuclear Power" and "Nuclear Energy". Since one is a measure of how many light bulbs can be lit, while the other is a measure of how long they were lit. Benjamin Gatti 23:38, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

After reviewing the Nucelar Reactiom article, I have dertimend that it does almost exclusviy refer to fusion reaction, but this is issue that is isolated to that article. Nuclear energy is currently limited to fission but could be using in the future (im sure as a phycist u already no this). I agree that we have to make it clear that (currently) NP is isolated to fission reactions,and that the nucler reactions article must be changed. -Revengeofthynerd

If you can find any cases of stable fusion reactors I think JET would love to hear of them. The term "useful work" in physics is used when defining the efficiency of a system - not a process. Sophia^TalkTCF 00:15, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

The ability to be efficient enough to do useful work is critical to the subject, as fusion, in its current state is not able to demonstrate a net gain of free energy. Benjamin Gatti 00:45, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Not only is effiecny a matter, creating a self-sustaining reaction is also a problem. Also, Sophia I was not saying that there is currently stable fusion reactor, I was saying that in the future it may be possible and would be another form of Nuclear Power.Revengeofthynerd

I removed teh POV tag, because at this time it does not seem that any issues violaes NPOV. The "useful" problem is relitivly moot and i think the majority (Gatti included) agrees with this logical consensus. Revengeofthynerd 04:02, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Thorium?

This article does mention Thorium and there is another article on the thorium cycle but do you think it may deserve a little more of a mention due to its environmental implications? raptor 14:00, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Iran

Recent edit "Iran allows IAEA oversight" by Kaveh - is there a source that can be cited for this change in Iran's policy? Had a look on some news sites without success. --OscarTheCat^talk 22:15, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

I'm going to restore the deletion. In [13] we have:

Still, it declared that – because of lack of sufficient cooperation from the Iranian side – the IAEA remained unable “to conclude that there are no undeclared nuclear materials or activities in Iran.”

The finding was essentially an admission that the agency cannot establish whether Iran is hiding aspects of its nuclear program that it is obligated to report to the IAEA, the U.N. atomic watchdog, under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

Simesa 12:16, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Whitewashing

This diff [14] is the censoring of unfavorable facts - simply because they are counter to the professed bias of Wikipedia:

Note the removed text:

Nuclear plants release radioactive byproducts, such as tritium into local rivers and streams which presents a health risk for the local population. The State of Illinois for example is suing Exelon Corporation for repeated leaks of radioactive waste water contaminated with tritium into groundwater around its Braidwood nuclear plant. [15] Benjamin Gatti 01:49, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Why can't people like you understand that this is an encyclopedia and not a blog or a news magazine? There are about a dozen of you types (that I've run into here) that think that this place is their own personal bully-pulpit and I am astonished at the utter selfishness of that belief. You're not getting enough traffic on your own website so like a child that is being ignored by the grown-ups or some lonely teenager with a spray can of paint you come here to get the attention that your pathetic little egos crave. Go away. --DV8 2XL 02:25, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Really - look at how much of my time I spent worrying about Price-Anderson Act, a subject which didn't even exist on WP last year. What kind of traffic do you imagine is generated by fussing about a subject so obscure no one else had bothered with it? At least you can find a rational criticism surely... Benjamin Gatti 03:24, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Can you give any evidence that supports that the leaked tritum poses a health risk? (unsigned)

I put some in your Borsh- we'll soon find out . Benjamin Gatti 03:32, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Note this from the article you linked to: "None of the plaintiffs are alleging any health-related effects or environmental impacts on their property. I was at a presentation today about oceanic CO2 sequestration (short version: it might work, but there's a hell of a lot of science to be done first so don't be counting on it...) which pointed out that as well as playing hell with global warming, the rising CO2 levels are decreasing the pH readings of the surface waters of our oceans. If this continues, the oceans may, in the not too distant future, become too acidic for marine life. In that context, one tritium leak that hasn't had any detectable health or environmental effects doesn't even rate molehill status. --Robert Merkel 07:52, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen and since we are 90% water tritum will dispurse throughout the entire body. However, since it is water it flushes out very quickly so it doesn't remain in your system very long (about 3-5 days). Tritium has a weak beta (about 1 kev) so it doesn't deposit a lot of energy unless you are drinking tens of gallons of it every day for many days. Also, the half-life is short 12.3 days so it decays away very quickly even in ground water. Currently, federal discharge regulations exempt tritium since is bound in water and very hard to separate out from natural hydrogen. I would be more worried about chemicals in the water supply like gasoline or other toxics before tritium.

That is 12.3 years for tritium, not 12.3 days. You are right that the body does not retain it, and it is de-consentrated in any food chain. See [16] for details. pstudier 07:11, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

It should also be mentioned that because tritium is chemically indistinguishable from hydrogen it is very rapidly dilluted when in contact with water in the enviornment. A 1 cm cube of tritium containing water in contact with a 1 metre cube of ordinary ground water would be diluted about a million times within seconds. Also, if released into the atmosphere tritium is a very light gas and would very rapidly rise upwards and disperse. 137.205.236.44 15:06, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Template:Nuclear Technology

I would like some input/help on Template:Nuclear Technology, which I was hoping could help organize some of the nuclear technology articles and improve browsing. This template would eventually grace this page at the bottom. If you could perhaps add catagories/topics or suggest catagories/topics on its discussion page or my talk page I would appreciate it. Lcolson 23:34, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Air pollution

Among other edits, I removed the result of the UK advisory panel that "This panel also concluded that the possible disadvantages of nuclear power outweighed its advantages. " since this was nothing to do with air pollution. Oscarthecat reinstated this sentence but I still feel that it belongs elsewhere, not in air pollution. Comments? Maybe that whole paragraph should go. Joffan 13:59, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Water Vapor

The article really needs a source for "Water vapour is the only emission from nuclear power plants." Bayerischermann 21:51, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

supplied Joffan 03:11, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Finnish article

Does anyone here understand Finnish? They have a beautiful article on the subject, and a translation might serve this article well. The Jade Knight 02:26, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Editorial Details

I think the use of the word "aver," in paragraph 4, is clumsy. Why not just use "believe?" Drogue 22:34, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

If there is then, no protest, I will change it. Drogue 11:14, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Edit prevaricates issue of statistical fallacy in defect detection methods

An edit to text supplied by me earlier produced the statement that "Oldberg and Christensen (1995) averred the existence of a statistical fallacy in the technology that is used in the safety-related inspections of tubes in steam generators in PWRs. Thousands of tubes are in each PWR, and such tubes have burst in the past thus contaminating the secondary loop of cooling water. The current policy is to periodically inspect each steam generator and plug any tube showing a certain degree of through-wall corrosion anywhere along its length [50]. Oldberg and Christensen asserted that false indications of defects would sometimes occur, thus making the statistical calculations more complicated. (The USNRC apparently rejected this claim - Oldberg, 2005.)" This edit prevaricates the issue in the following two ways. First, while it is true that the text "averred" and "asserted" the existence of a statistical fallacy, the edited text fails to reveal that a) the assertion appeared in a peer-reviewed article in the scientific literature and has not been refuted in this literature in the 11 years since it was made b) the demonstration provided in the peer reviewed literature is mathematical and brief, making it unlikely that it is incorrect and c) whether or not the USNRC rejected the claim is irrelevant for, under the scientific method, claimants are required to submit their arguments, using facts and logic, to the peer review process. The USNRC has, actually, submitted claims within this process and its claims have been rejected by this process. None of this is mentioned. The process of science is, actually, to assume that a published result is correct unless and until a mistake is revealed in it by an article published in the peer reviewed literature. Like the USNRC, the person who supplied the Wikipedia edit bypassed the scientific method to assert his or her non-peer reviewed interests and opinions. This is inconsistent with Wikipedia's rules barring "original research." Second, contrary to the edit, the claims of my paper do not limit the scope to inspection methods for steam generator tubes. To the contrary, all methods of inspection that share certain characteristics of steam generator inspection methods share the revealed weakness. They include all of the various methods of inspection that attempt to detect defects in materials. Some of these methods have been and still are used in the inspection of the reactor pressure vessel. Nuclear power plants are not designed to withstand rupture of the reactor pressure vessel, with the result that the rupture of one would produce vast loss of life and property damage. Also, the statement that "Oldberg and Christensen asserted that false indications of defects would sometimes occur, thus making the statistical calculations more complicated" is false and misleading. Complications in statistical calculations is not an issue. The fundamental problem with steam generator inspection methods and all other defect detection methods in current use is that they violate probability theory in relation to statements about their reliability. As statistics assumes probability theory, statistics does not apply to these tests. Terry Oldberg 05:42, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Uranium enrichment

My first time on discussion in Wikipedia - please delete if this is inappropriate.

I have a question about uranium enrichment. Is it possible to have nuclear power without uranium enrichment? For a competition (a mock session of the Security Council) I'm trying to find ways of solving the Iran crisis. Iran has consistently said that it will not give up uranium enrichment, but only use it for peaceful purposes. Under Article IV of the NPT, Iran should be allowed all the technological advances from research related to nuclear activities that will allow an easier, safer and more efficient nuclear power production. So, is there any technology that could allow Iran to develop nuclear power without the use of uranium enrichment?

Again, I apologise if it's been explained in the article. Unholycow 14:22, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

CANDU reactors don't need enriched uranium (but they do need enriched water).

—wwoods 18:29, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

But CANDUs have their own issues with proliferation; notably, because you can refuel them while they are operating it's easier to use them to make weapons-grade plutonium. Chernobyl-style RBMK reactors can run on unenriched uranium (and, like all reactors, can make plutonium - not to mention being insanely risky to run).

In the future, a thorium-based accelerator-driven energy amplifier design is about as proliferation resistant as you can get, and doesn't leave the operator dependent on the goodwill of foriegn uranium enrichment technology. But that's still a paper design at the moment and may not prove to be economically feasible. --Robert Merkel 02:07, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

No evidence has ever been brought forward showing that CANDU produced material has ever been used to make a weapon - ever. The Indian program used plutonium from the CIRUS reactor. Other rogue nuclear states used open pool "research" reactors to make cores, or salvaged fuel from light-water reactors. You should get your facts straight even here in talk. See CANDU; CIRUS reactor and Smiling Buddha for details. --DV8 2XL 02:59, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

I never said anybody *had* used a CANDU to make bombs; I just said it was possible, and there were some design features which might theoretically make it easier to get away with. --Robert Merkel 05:36, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

It is that particular misconception is what I am objecting too. This claim of CANDUs being a proliferation risk is just untrue. Because they use natural uranium, no State operating one must manufacture or have imported enriched fuel which is a PROVEN proliferation risk. This charge against CANDUs is just untrue and unproven. --DV8 2XL 16:01, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

I don't think it's a misconception that CANDU is a proliferation risk; any reactor that can be refuelled on-load is more easily used for weapons-grade plutonium production, especially when the fuel is so rich in fertile U238. A good Pu producer could be seen as even more of a risk than an enrichment facility (ease of chemical vs isotopic separation, better & smaller Pu warheads if successful). However, if you're trying to produce power, it's extremely uneconomical to eject the fuel at such low burn-ups, and in a safeguarded facility, the risk of undetected ejection of low burn-up fuel is virtually nil. I don't believe this 'charge against CANDUs' is untrue, but as far as anyone knows, it is unproven. Burtonpe 20:20, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Reference to SL-1 accident

I suggest that the SL-1 was a minature-design military reactor that had little applicability to commercial nuclear power plants (the military reactors not being subject to the NRC, or the then AEC). Nor is 1961 the right period for the decline of nuclear power. Simesa 20:39, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

I agree it is not germaine to this topic. ==DV8 2XL 21:06, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Some new cost numbers debated

In [17] some cost numbers are bandied about. The capital cost of $1,300/kw for a coal unit was surprising. But I'd like to see life-cycle costs, including carbon-tax equivalents. Simesa 15:55, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Payment for Yucca Mountain / Waste Disposal

"To pay for a permanent repository, an interim storage facility, and the transportation of used fuel, the Nuclear Waste Policy Act established the Nuclear Waste Fund. Since 1982, electricity consumers have paid into the fund a fee of one-tenth of a cent for every nuclear-generated kilowatt-hour of electricity consumed. Through 2004, customer commitments plus interest totaled more than $24 billion." [18] Simesa 03:51, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

I searched for how the British nuclear program would pay for disposal of its waste (but recall that British spent nuclear fuel is reprocessed). I found [19] and that British Energy will pay in [20]. Canada apparently bills its consumers and has a fund as we Americans do. Simesa 03:51, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Thermal Pollution (?)

Multiple articles (non Wikipedia) that I have come across, mention Nuclear Power as the exclusive source of Thermal Pollution. Because Nuclear Power plants operate at a low temp (~ 600 K) relative to say, a Super Critical Coal Power Plant, they generate a larger amount of waste heat (see Carnot Efficiency) per MW generated. Although this is true, NPPs are by no means the only source of Thermal Pollution. Furthermore, most country have regs requiring all new NPPs to built with cooling towers which eliminate the problem. Do u think this should be mentioned in the article? Input Please. Thanxs Revengeofthynerd 19:09, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Heat pollution isn't really a problem for power plants, whether nuclear, gas or coal, except in the immediate surroundings. It can cause problems for organisms, especially in rivers and lakes. How much of a problem is debated. As long as they get and release their water in the open ocean, as opposed to bays and estuaries, and don't raise the temperature too much, I don't think it's that big of a deal. Plants with cooling towers give off heat to the air, which does not affect much, besides raising the air temperature. The downside of using them is that they cut into the efficiency of the plant, use a lot of water and are unsightly. Nuclear plants have comparable efficiencies to coal plants and boiler gas plants, although new combined cycle gas plants are more efficient than the old nuclear plants in the U.S. I have never heard of a thermal pollution argument against nuclear power. Unless it is at least somewhat widespread, I don't think it is necessary to put it in the article. People that read and understand the article are likely to be able to tell that it is incorrect, too. -- Kjkolb 15:15, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Thermal pollution is a pretty big problem, and has been recognized as such for decades - and if you haven't heard it used as an argument against nuclear power, it's because you don't hang around the right arguers. You write as if nukes on estuaries and rivers are the exception rather than the rule. The intake of cooling water is a related problem, and probably a bigger one - but since they're inseperable, they should be treated as one problem. I heard about this many years ago when I was living in Shoreham. The temperate coastal waters around Long Island are said to be an ecosystem about as rich and significant as a tropical rainforest - they used to produce freight trains full of oysters, which were eaten like potato chips in 19th Century New York City. All the bays, coves and inlets are nurseries for ocean fish. Imagine a giant underwater vacuum cleaner hose sucking up millions of gallons of that living water, with everything alive getting pilloried on the filtration system. And the problem with thermal pollution is that it's not a steady-state, stable alteration of the marine environment - if it were, the ecosystem could adjust to it - with some species thriving, and others staying away, depending on the temperatures they require. But because the heat comes and goes erratically (due to downtime), it just makes life difficult if not impossible. If coastal ecosystems weren't already subject to so many other severe and increasing stresses, this might be an acceptable environmental cost, assuming there aren't a lot of nukes operating in an the area. At one time, LILCO (Long Island Lighting Co) has plans for 18 reactors along L.I. shores. This would have reduced the L.I. Sound to a giant cooling tank. -- Chelydra

I attributed your post to you. In the future, please sign your name by using ~~~~, which is automatically turned into your name and the time after you save the page. -- Kjkolb 10:21, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Hello, Chelydra. I think that you misinterpreted my comment. I said that it wasn't a problem except in the immediate surroundings, which I meant as opposed to the planet overheating, and that how much of a problem it is is debated. Also, nuclear plants give off about the same amount of heat per kilowatt-hour as other power plants do, so they cannot be blamed more than any of thermal power plants.

In the U.S., I think that using rivers for cooling nuclear plants is uncommon. Some plants in France use rivers, though. I think most inland plants in the U.S., which is where most of them are, use cooling towers instead. I'm less sure about how many on the coast use estuaries or the ocean. They usually use them instead of cooling towers because it is less costly and more efficient. Diablo and San Onofre in California use the open ocean, but those are the only ones I'm familiar with.

I'm not in favor of nuclear power, but nuclear plants are better when it comes to intermittency. They almost always run at full power, night and day, except when they have to refuel, which only occurs every 18 to 24 months. Most natural gas and diesel power plants greatly curtail their output at night or shut off completely. Some coal plants curtail output and some operate at full power continuously. Thermal pollution, and the sucking in of organisms, is a legitimate complaint, but it applies to all thermal power plants that use outside water for cooling and nuclear has an advantage over most types because of its stable heat output. A natural gas power plant near my hometown has been almost completely shutdown because of the concern of cooling with ocean water. -- Kjkolb 10:21, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Thanks--Chelydra 22:57, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Someone's destroying this page

How does one reverse changes someone does to a Wiki article? I was in the middle of reading this article, and someone came along and deleted the article on nuclear power, to replace it with poo and fart jokes.

This is standard infantile Wikipedia vandalism; see WP:VAND and Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism for instructions on how to help keep things tidy.

Atlant 17:06, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Fuel resources

The current article discussion on fuel resources is somewhat confusing. I've included the text here:

"At this cost level, available reserves would last for 50 years at the present rate of use. Doubling the price of uranium, which would have only little effect on the overall cost of nuclear power, would increase reserves to hundreds of years. To put this in perspective; a doubling in the cost of natural uranium would increase the total cost of nuclear power 5 per cent. On the other hand, if the price of natural gas was doubled, the cost of gas-fired power would increase by about 60 per cent. Doubling the price of coal would increase the cost of power production in a large coal-fired power station by about 30 per cent. The Analysis Group Uranium - a sustainable energy source"

First, the link to The Analysis Group Uranium is dead, and I was unable to find the publication itself at their website.

Second, this may or may not be factually true, and I don't really have time to fact-check it, but the wording is confusing. It is unclear if the supply will increase or the demand will decrease due to price increases. I've seen estimates of tens of thousands of years worth of nuclear energy supplies, so I'm guessing this is probably due to making different methods of uranium recovery economically viable. If that is indeed the case, a better approach would be to say something like the following:

"Currently mined resources will provide another 50 years worth of uranium supply at present demand levels. If the price of raw uranium rises by 100% above current levels, would double the economically available resource pool. Such an increase would have a minimal effect on the price of nuclear energy to consumers, icreasing the cost by only about 5%, because raw material cost is only a small fraction of the cost of this type of energy production. " Tomteboda 21:54, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

I also think it may be prudent to explain the difference between reserves and resources. Maybe just one sentence. A lot of groups incorrectly use these terms (usually to say that we'll run out of uranium in 50 years, or oil a lot earlier than that). Its been while since I had a geolologist explain the terms, but I think a reserve is whats proven to exist, a resource is what is speculated to be economically available and can change if prices increase or technology changes (like a doubling of price of a comodity increases the resource base by a factor of four). I would suggest just wikilinking these three words (reserve, resource, resource base) with their articles, but I can't find a good definition of them (geologically speaking) on wikipedia. As I've had it expalined to me, there is more than enough uranium resources in the world to continue with a once through cycle for a long time (thousands of years?), but mining that much (or other technologies such as extraction from sea water) could be bad environmentally speaking. Whereas switching to breader reactors could potentially extend the current reserve for thousands of years (or so I've heard). Lcolson

01:34, 18 July 2006 (UTC)Economy01:34, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

The second and third paragraphs of the Economy section are poorly written. Not being able to understand it myself, I am not confident enough to rewrite it. Anyone who wishes to overhaul it, please feel free to do so.

[edit] Defect detection and risk

In April, Simsea edited out content, supplied by me, that speaks to the risks of nuclear power. I am a registered professional nuclear engineer with 20 years of experience in reactor engineering. I've published three, peer reviewed articles on the topic of the content which Simsea removed. I managed a 3 million dollar research program on the topic of the content for a group of 30 nuclear electric utilities in the U.S., Europe and Asia. I gather that Simsea knows little or nothing about the topic. I've given Simsea my email address and phone number so we can discuss the matter at length. Three months later, I've not heard from him. He cites correspondence with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission as the source of his conclusion that the content I provided is deficient but does not reveal the deficiency or cite a peer reviewed article that supports him. This is an example of the fallacy of Argument from Authority, for the NRC has Tnever published a refutation of my contentions despite ample time to do so. In fact, the position of the NRC has been rejected and my position upheld within the peer review system. My 1995 paper has been posted for the past 7 years on the Web magazine ndt.net and has been available for discussion in this period. There has not been a peep out of the NRC nor any other representative of the nuclear power industry. In fact, the paper has held up to the scutiny of an international audience of 80,000 specialists in nondestructive testing. It seems to me that the shortcomings of the technology of nuclear power should be revealed as well as the benefits. If anyone wishes to discuss the manner, please contact me at 650-941=0533 or terry@oldberg.biz. I'll be pleased to share all I know on the topic and to listen to counter arguments, if there are any. Otherwise, I intend to revert the associated text back to the pre-Simsea version. By the way, my postings are under my real name. My qualifications are revealed in full at http://www.oldberg.biz. Simsea appears to be a pseudonym. --Terry Oldberg 22:16, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

The only edits by Simesa in April that I found were this and this. Which one are you referring to, or are you referring to both? If these are not the edits you are referring to, it would be helpful if you would find them so that everyone can evaluate the edits. Thanks, Kjkolb 10:02, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

For those interested in reading the said article, the link is here. [21]Revengeofthynerd 13:41, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry, I've been inattentive for awhile (schoolwork as I retrain). No, I was NOT the last person to remove Oldberg's edits.

I suppose though that I will have to make a second attempt to get the NRC's comments on Oldberg's work (my first letter went astray). As soon as classes end this session I'll do that. Simesa 13:52, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Is a statistical fallacy used in determining the probability of Steam Generator tube failure even worth mentioning in this article? SG tube ruptures have occurred multiple times in the past (i.e. IP-2 Feb 15, 2000) and at no time were the public or the plant(s) in any significant danger. The only real danger is in the mixing of primary loop and secondary loop water. However, operators can isolate the faulty steam generator and therefore minimize the said mixing. Therefore, I can not speculate why this needs to be included in the article. Revengeofthynerd 14:29, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Steam Generator Tubing ruptures is a tough one to fight. Sure it might have happened, but there are a LOT of safety measures that are taken to ensure that no contamination escapes. No one is going to tell you what those safety measures are, but I can assure you that they are all well thought out and very safe.Nly8nchz 11:10, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Graphite moderated reactors merge

I am strongly opposed to graphite moderated reactors being merged into this article. It often makes sense to cover a subject in a single article, but I am against merging articles into other articles unless it would involve a lot of duplication or if it makes no sense to have them separate. Also, the nuclear power article is already very long. If anything, it should be split into separate articles. -- Kjkolb 05:17, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Oppose, just as Kjkolb has expressed it, above. Moonraker88 16:59, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

I am also strongly opposed to the merger of graphite moderated reactors into the Nuclear Power article. As stated above, the nuclear power article is way to long. By merging graphite moderated reactors into nuclear power, we also establish a precedent, which would require many more articles to be merged into this article (i.e. LWR, PWR, BWR, RBMK articles etc.). This is simply not feasible (due to the length of the NP article). Furthermore, I believe that graphite moderated reactors are of sufficient relevance to warrant an article of it’s own. Therefore, I Oppose the merge. Revengeofthynerd 13:53, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

[edit] No increase in cancer mortality?

In the "Health effects on populations near nuclear plants" section, it mentions that "several large studies" have found no increase in cancer mortality in areas surrounding nuclear power plants. Would it be possible to get a citation on some of those studies? (Wow, sorry about the number of edits) Trappleton 04:35, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

[edit] New reference

I suggest that a reference on commercial fusion power plant design could be mentionned in the section Experimental technologies. See for example : http://www.efda.org/eu_fusion_programme/downloads/scientific_and_technical_publications/PPCS_overall_report_final-with_annexes.pdf ClaudeSB 21:31, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Is there anything to write about commercial fusion plants until there is one designed? There have been experimental ones for decades, and plenty of designs which are dependent upon the final details needed to exceed the break-even point. It's hard to know what the size and shape of the magnetic throat can be without knowing the geometry and scale of the ignition mechanisms. (SEWilco 01:41, 15 August 2006 (UTC))

The title of the section contains Experimental. Such a reference would simply give the readers more information on what is planned after ITER to go to commercial generation of electricity from the experiment. ClaudeSB 10:53, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Radioisotope thermoelectric generator

At present there is a link to Thermocouple. It's not strict, but this generally refers to a device that measures temperature difference. Energy production by this means is described in Thermoelectric effect. Anyone mind if I change the link? Moonraker88 09:51, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Done. Moonraker88 18:33, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Nuclear power controversy

Why does this article exist?

I was going to add some content to it, but I see the article is not really finished and is cut and pasted from Nuclear power. Why was it created? What is it for? — Omegatron 01:20, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

[edit] France and nuclear electric generation

You state early in your article that France gets 80% of its ENERGY from nuclear power. This is incorrect. The reference you cite has the correct information. France gets 80% of its ELECTRICITY from nuclear power. Please cporrect this oversight. DL 206.223.231.29

Dave, this is the perfect oppportunity for you to be bold and begin your career as a Wikipedia editor!

Atlant 13:42, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

[edit] How it works section

I added more deatial on specific reactor components, and an external link to a more detailed and current discussion--some of the links are dated.
KonaScout 14:34, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Text copied verbatim

The following text was taken verbatim from http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nuclear_power_reactors without attribution, so I deleted the text:

There are several components common to most types of reactors:

Fuel: Usually pellets of uranium oxide (UO2) arranged in tubes to form fuel rods. The rods are arranged into fuel assemblies in the reactor core.

Moderator: This is material which slows down the neutrons released from fission so that they cause more fission. It is usually water, but may be heavy water or graphite.

Control rods: These are made with neutron-absorbing material such as cadmium, hafnium or boron, and are inserted or withdrawn from the core to control the rate of reaction, or to halt it. (Secondary shutdown systems involve adding other neutron absorbers, usually as a fluid, to the system.)

Coolant: A liquid or gas circulating through the core so as to transfer the heat from it. In light water reactors the moderator functions also as coolant.

Pressure vessel or pressure tubes: Usually a robust steel vessel containing the reactor core and moderator/coolant, but it may be a series of tubes holding the fuel and conveying the coolant through the moderator.

Steam generator: Part of the cooling system where the heat from the reactor is used to make steam for the turbine.

Containment: The structure around the reactor core which is designed to protect it from outside intrusion and to protect those outside from the effects of radiation in case of any malfunction inside. It is typically a meter-thick concrete and steel structure.

Simesa 21:50, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] ECCS

Someone put up a one-line stub on the Emergency core cooling systems. This not only needs a decent writing, it begs articles on nuclear safety grade and on Reactor protective system. Anyone care to tak a stab at them? Simesa 22:20, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../n/u/c/Talk%7ENuclear_power_c174.html"