Norms of reaction
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In ecology and genetics, a norm of reaction describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments. One use of norms of reaction is in describing how different species—especially related species—respond to varying environments. But differing genotypes within a single species will also often show differing norms of reaction relative to a particular phenotypic trait and environment variable. For every genotype, phenotypic trait, and environmental variable, a different norm of reaction can exist; in other words, an enormous complexity can exist in the interrelationships between genetic and environmental factors in determining traits.
[edit] A monoclonal example
Scientifically analyzing norms of reaction in natural populations can be very difficult, simply because natural populations of sexually reproductive organisms usually do not have cleanly separated or superficially identifiable genetic distinctions. However, seed crops produced by humans are often engineered to contain specific genes, and in some cases seed stocks consist of clones. Accordingly, distinct seed lines present ideal examples of differentiated norms of reaction. In fact, agricultural companies market seeds for use in particular environments based on exactly this.
Suppose the seed line A contains an allele A, and a seed line B of the same crop species contains an allele B, for the same gene. With these controlled genetic groups, we might cultivate each variety (genotype) in a range of environments. This range might be either natural or controlled variations in environment. For example, an individual plant might receive either more or less water during its growth cycle, or the average temperature the plants are exposed to might vary across a range.
A simplification of the norm of reaction might state that seed line A is good for "high water conditions" while a seed line B is good for "low water conditions". But the full complexity of the norm of reaction is a function, for each genotype, relating environmental factor to phenotypic trait. By controlling for or measuring actual environments across which monoclonal seeds are cultivated, one can concretely observe norms of reaction. Normal distributions, for example, are common. Of course, the distributions need not be bell-curves.
[edit] Misunderstanding genetic/environmental interactions
Popular non-scientific or lay-scientific audiences frequently misunderstand or simply fail to recognize the existence of norms of reaction. A widespread conception is that each genotype gives a certain range of possible phenotypic expressions. In popular conception, something which is "more genetic" gives a narrower range, while something which is "less genetic (more environmental)" gives a wider range of phenotypic possibilities. This limited conceptual framework is especially prevalent in discussions of human traits such as IQ, Sexual orientation, altruism, or schizophrenia (see Nature versus nurture).
Popular conception of genotype/phenotype interaction
TRAIT SCALE
<--6----------5----------4----------3----------2----------1----------0-->
^ (Genotype A) ^ ^ (Genotype B) ^
| | | |
Environ <------> Other Environ <------> Other
extreme extreme extreme extreme
The problem with this common simplified image is not that it does not represent a possible norm of reaction. Rather, by reducing the picture from two dimensions to just one, it focuses only on discrete, non-overlapping phenotypic expressions, and hides the more common pattern local minima and maxima in phenotypic expression, with overlapping ranges of phenotypic expression between genotypes.
[edit] References
- Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature, Richard Lewontin, Steven Rose and Leon J. Kamin (1984) ISBN 0-394-72888-2
- The Dialectical Biologist, Richard Lewontin and Richard Levins), Harvard University Press (1985) ISBN 0-674-20283-X
- Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA, Richard Lewontin (1991) ISBN 0-06-097519-9
- The Triple Helix: Gene, Organism, and Environment, Richard Lewontin, Harvard University Press (2000) ISBN 0-674-00159-1
| The development of phenotype | |
|---|---|
| Key concepts | Genotype-phenotype distinction · Norms of reaction · Gene-environment interaction · Heritability · Quantitative genetics |
| Genetic architecture | Dominance relationship · Epistasis · Polygenic inheritance · Pleiotropy · Plasticity · Canalisation · Fitness landscape |
| Non-genetic influences | Epigenetic inheritance · Epigenetics · Maternal effect · Dual inheritance theory |
| Developmental architecture | Segmentation · Modularity |
| Evolution of genetic systems | Evolvability · Mutational robustness · Evolution of sex |
| Influential figures | C. H. Waddington · Richard Lewontin |
| Debates | Nature versus nurture |
| List of evolutionary biology topics | |
