Norman Gardner

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Norman Gardner is a politician and administrator in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He is a former North York and Toronto City Councillor, and is best known for his tenure as chair of the Toronto Police Services Board (1998-2003). He has also campaigned for the Canadian House of Commons.

Contents

[edit] Private life and career

Gardner served ten years in the Canadian Army, and has been the regional manager for a pharmaceutical company.[1] He owns Toronto's Steeles Bakery in private life, and often brought doughnuts, bagels and other baked goods from his store to distribute at council meetings in the 1980s and 1990s.[1] He was president of the Armourdale Liberal Association a member of the Labor Committee of the Ontario Liberal Party in 1974.[2]

[edit] North York councillor

[edit] Ward councillor

Gardner was first elected to the North York city council in 1976, following two unsuccessful attempts. He was re-elected as a ward councillor in 1978, and was selected as one of the city's representatives on the Metro Toronto council in December of the same year.[3] He soon became a reliable ally of Metro Chair Paul Godfrey.[4] Gardner won the support of local Progressive Conservatives in his municipal campaigns, and left the Liberals to take out a provincial Progressive Conservative Party membership in 1980.[5]

He supported Canada's boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow as a protest against the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan. He also recommended that Canada consider banning Soviet vessels from its trading ports.[6]

[edit] City controller

Gardner was elected to the North York Board of Control in 1980, a position that gave him an automatic seat on the Metro Council. He supported grants to community groups in the 1980 campaign to alleviate social problems, and was described in a Globe and Mail editorial as a possible voice of progressive reform.[7] He was narrowly defeated in 1982, but returned to the Board of Control in 1985. His supporters in the 1985 election included former Toronto Mayor John Sewell, who argued that Gardner's election would add "continuity, restraint and attention to administrative detail" to the Board of Control.[8]

An avid gun collector in private life, Gardner served on the federal firearms advisory council after his defeat. He argued against tighter restrictions on gun ownership, saying "We're not the people who commit crime. Why make it tougher for somebody who is looking after his collection in a responsible manner?"[9]

Gardner tried to join the Metro Board of Police Commissioners after his 1985 re-election, but lost to Toronto Mayor Art Eggleton in a Metro Council vote.[10] He was elected to the position on his second try, following Eggleton's resignation in 1986. Gardner defeated Jack Layton, his only challenger, by a vote of thirty-two to six.

Shortly after his appointment to the Police Commission, the Toronto Star newspaper quoted him as saying that store owners should arm themselves against robbers. Gardner said he was misquoted, and that he had been talking about the response of store owners in Calgary and Montreal to recent shootings in those cities. The Star refused to retract its story.[11] Some councillors suggested that Gardner be recalled from the commission, but no action was taken.

Gardner tried to discourage complaints against police officers for car chases in crowded urban areas. Critics argued that such chases put pedestrians at risk. Gardner warned that cars could become sanctuaries for criminals if the police discontinued such chases. [12]

Gardner was generally on the right-wing of the North York council, although he took progressive positions on some issues. He endorsed a proposal to create co-operative housing for low-income families in the city, and later supported a contentious five-year grant to a paper recycling firm.[13] He also opposed plans for Sunday shopping extensions in the late 1980s.[14]

[edit] Provincial campaign

He rejoined the Ontario Liberal Party in early 1987, and sought the party's nomination for Willowdale in the 1987 provincial election. He argued that his previous membership in the Progressive Conservative Party was "a good vehicle to use in the interests of my constituents", but indicated he did not renew his membership in 1986. He also said that Liberal Premier David Peterson had "done a good job" in office.[15] Gardner lost the nomination to Gino Matrundola.[16]

[edit] Metro Toronto councillor (full-time)

[edit] First term

Metro Toronto's system of government was changed in 1988, with the abolition of municipal control boards and the introduction of direct elections to Metro Council. Gardner was elected without opposition for the North York Centre ward. He supported Alan Tonks over Dennis Flynn for the position of Metro Chair, and was subsequently appointed to Metro's executive committee and re-appointed to the police commission.[17] Gardner frequently defended Metro police officers against accusations of racism, and was sometimes described as resisting efforts towards police reform.[18]

In early 1989, Gardner recommended that the maximum age covered by the Young Offenders Act be lowered from seventeen to twelve. Several commentators considered this an extreme measure, and fellow councillor Brian Ashton described Gardner as "a cowboy with a frontier mentality".[19] In 1991, he recommended a five-year minimum prison sentence without parole for criminals who use firearms in the commission of an offense.[20]

In January 1991, Gardner appeared before a House of Commons committee examining gun control legislation. The Toronto Star quoted him as telling the committee that "foreigners and illegal immigrants" were responsible for most illegal guns coming into the city. Another media report indicates that Gardner identified "Jamaican posses and Asian crime gangs" as being responsible for most of Toronto's illegal weapons.[21] Reformist police commissioner Susan Eng requested that Gardner resign in light of these comments. He refused, stating that he had been misquoted.[22] Gardner later opposed Eng's appointment as chair of the Police Services Board.[23]

In late 1991, Gardner argued that attempts by the federal government to toughen gun controls would not make anyone in Metro Toronto safer.[24]

[edit] Second term

Gardner was re-elected to council in 1991, was subsequently returned to the Police Services Board. In February 1992, he opposed a plan to allow civilian investigations to precede internal police probes into shootings by officers.[25]

In March 1992, Gardner shot and wounded an unarmed man who was attempting to rob his bakery. It was later revealed that Gardner had a special "protection-of-life" permit that allowed him to carry a loaded weapon. He later said that he received this permit following a death threat, although commission chair Susan Eng was openly critical of this account.[26] Eng called for him to resign pending an investigation, and councillor Brian Ashton suggested that Gardner should have been criminally charged to prevent Toronto shopkeepers from arming themselves and taking vigilante actions against criminals. Gardner denied that his actions constituted vigilantism, saying that the robber ran toward him yelling "Go ahead and shoot".[27] The police declined to lay charges.

Gardner was an extremely staunch supporter of the police administration during his tenure as a commissioner. In May 1992, Gardner was the only member of the Police Services Board to vote against restrictions on the use of firearms by police officers.[28] Later in the year, he supported a protest by the Metropolitan Toronto Police Association against a new provincial law requiring officers to file a written report after drawing their guns.[29] Gardner also defended police use of pepper spray, stating that it prevented numerous injuries.[30] He defended a $1.6 million home for police dogs in 1993, against criticism that it was an unnecessary expense during a recession.[31] In June 1994, he was the only police service board member to oppose a ban on the private ownership and possession of handguns.[32]

Gardner asked the federal government to give increased financial assistance to Toronto in early 1992, arguing that the government's immigration and refugee policies were putting a significant strain on Toronto's welfare system.[33] In the same year, he chaired a Metro Committee that recommended a $15 million cutback in social services programs. Members of the group Fight Back Metro Coalition accused him of "whipping up hostility" toward welfare recipients.[34]

Gardner stepped down from the Police Service Board in November 1992, having reached the maximum of six years. Brian Ashton was chosen as his replacement.[35] Shortly after leaving the board, Gardner called for the creation of a special hate crimes unit in Metro Toronto to target neo-Nazis and other racists.[36]

Gardner was approached by the Reform Party of Canada to campaign in the 1993 federal election, but declined.[37] He instead announced that he would seek the Liberal Party of Canada's nomination in Markham—Whitchurch—Stouffville. He campaigned in favour of tax breaks for corporations, and his nomination was supported by Canadian Handgun magazine, which featured him on its front cover.[38] Gardner appears to have dropped out of the nomination contest before a vote was held. He was re-elected to the Police Services Board in November 1993, defeating fellow councillor Dennis Flynn by a vote of 17 to 16.[39]

Gardner attracted controversy in early 1994 after arguing that blacks were involved in a disproportionate number of violent incidents in the Toronto area. He was quoted as saying, "You take a look at occurrence sheets and in the more violent situations you're getting a very large percentage of the descriptions of perpetrators as being black". Arnold Minors, another police board member, accused Gardner of reinforcing harmful racial stereotypes.[40]

[edit] Third term

Gardner was re-elected to Metro Council in 1994, without opposition. He sought reappointment to the Police Services Board after the election, but was unexpectedly defeated by Brian Ashton.[41] Ashton resigned his commission seat in May 1996, however, and Gardner was elected as his replacement.[42]

In 1996, he supported a plan to fingerprint provincial welfare recipients.[43]

[edit] Federal campaign

Gardner left the Liberals to join the Progressive Conservatives for the second time during the mid-1990s. He was the Progressive Conservative candidate in Willowdale for the 1997 federal election, and lost to Liberal incumbent Jim Peterson by 17,000 votes.

[edit] Toronto city councillor

He was elected to Toronto city council in 1997, the first election for the new amalgamated municipality under the City of Toronto Act. Each ward elected two councillors in that election, and Gardner finished second, 2,000 votes behind John Filion, a former school trustee making his first bid for city council, making Gardner the junior councillor.[44]. He supported Mel Lastman's bid to become mayor of the amalgamated city.[45]

In early 1998, Gardner unseated Maureen Prinsloo as chair of the Toronto Police Services Board[46] with the support of those board members appointed by the provincial Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris as well as Mayor Mel Lastman and his supporters.[47][48] The right-wing Toronto Sun praised him as "pro-police", while the centre-left Toronto Star argued that he had developed a "reputation as an apologist for police".[49] Following her defeat, Prinsloo argued that civilian scrutiny of the police force would suffer under Gardner's rule.[50]

In June 1998, Gardner supported a comprehensive overhaul of the police service's administrative structure.[51] He also supported a controversial plan by Police Chief David Boothby to replace the city's public complaints bureau with a more decentralized model.[52] The following month, he concluded a deal to make Toronto police officers the highest-paid in Ontario.[53]

In the summer of 1998, an Ontario judge ruled that the Toronto police were negligent in using an unidentified woman as "bait" to catch a serial rapist (the woman was not informed that the rapist lived in her area, and was sexually assaulted). Gardner initially said that he had difficulty believing the police were negligent, and remarked that some women lie about being raped. He later apologized for his comments, and offered an official apology to the unidentified woman.[54]

Later in 1998, it was revealed that Gardner had been investigated by the FBI for carrying a weapon across the Canadian-American border. No charges were filed. Other members of the police commission expressed concern that they were not informed of the investigation.[55] Gardner later claimed that the "scummy press" tried to "smear" him over the issue.[56]

Gardner supported the purchase of police helicopters in 1999, an initiative that some other councillors criticized as both ineffective and too expensive.[57] He also recommended charging each business in Toronto a $15 fee to cover the costs of policing, an initiative that was quickly rejected by Mel Lastman.[58]

Gardner was a frequent rival of fellow commissioner Judy Sgro during this period. Sgro left the Police Services Board in 1999, after complaining of intimidation from the Toronto police union.[59] On one occasion, Gardner was accused of allowing police union officials to harass intimidate and her at an informal board meeting.[60] He denied that harassment occurred.[61]

Gardner opposed the police union's controversial "Operation True Blue" telemarketing campaign in early 2000, but was cited in the Toronto Star as having made a secret deal with union leader Craig Bromell to permit similar fundraising efforts in the future. Other board members rejected the agreement, which board member Olivia Chow described as "capitulat[ing] to bullying and intimidation".[62] Gardner denied that a secret had been struck, and argued that he consistently opposed the campaign.[63]

[edit] Provincial appointee

The method of election for city councillors changed with the 2000 election with a return to a one councillor per ward system. Facing a tough battle against Filion[64], Gardner opted to retire from politics. With the support of Lastman and Toronto Police Association president Craig Bromell, the Harris government agreed to appoint Gardner to one of the provincially appointed seats on the board allowing him to continue as Police Services Board chairman without having a city council seat.[65] He was reappointed by the province to seve a full three year term in September 2001.[66] After his appointment, John Sewell and others criticized Gardner on the grounds that Toronto Police Service Board members should live in the city.[67] While Gardner's family bakery is located in Toronto, Gardner and his family reside in Thornhill.

In October 2001, Gardner supported a decision by the Toronto police to compile a list of suspected terrorist sympathizers. During a radio interview on the subject, he said that he was "assuming that people on this list are predominantly of Middle Eastern descent". Both Gardner's comments and his support for the list were criticized by civil libertarians, including lawyer Clayton Ruby. Provincial Solicitor General David Turnbull defended both Gardner's comments and the police decision.[68]

Gardner supported a race relations probe in late 2002, following media reports that the Toronto police engaged in systemic discrimination against blacks.[69] He denied that racial profiling existed, but acknowledged that there was an understandable rationale behind the complaints.[70] He later criticized the Toronto Star for running a series of articles on racial profiling, arguing that they hindered the ability of police officers to do their job.[71]

There was speculation in 2002 that Gardner would run to succeed Lastman as Mayor of Toronto, although his low-profile outside of policing issues was often cited as a liability.[72] He ultimately chose not to run.

Gardner was criticized in 2003 for having accepted the gift of a handgun from the vice-president of Para-Ordinance Inc., a Toronto firearms manufacturer that Gardner assisted in getting a discount rate for an exhibition booth at the 2001 International Association of Chiefs of Police convention. The weapon was a .45-calibre TAC-Four semi-automatic pistol, a restricted weapon in Canada. He paid $700 for the weapon shortly before the controversy was made public.[73] Gardner stepped aside as Police Services Board chair in 2003, pending resolution of the matter. The initial six-week investigation by the Ontario Civilian Commission on Police Services (OCCOPS) resulted in a formal inquiry later in the year.[74] It was later revealed that Gardner also took 5,700 rounds of ammunition from the city's police services for his personal use, with the permission of the chief's office.[75] In 2004, it was revealed that Gardner had approved his own expenses for conference travel.[76]

Gardner was replaced as Police Services Board chair in January 2004 by Alan Heisey. In April, the OCCOPS inquiry ruled that Gardner came "a hair short" of misconduct in his acceptance of the handgun, but also judged that his decision to accept free ammunition brought discredit to the board. He was suspended without pay from the board until the end of his term in December 2004. Gardner argued that he did nothing wrong, and appealed the decision.[77] He also refused to resign his commission seat for several months, a decision that left the board deadlocked between conservatives and progressives [78] and contributed, in part, to the controversial non-renewal of Chief Julian Fantino's contract.

An Ontario Court of Appeals decision later overturned Gardner's suspension on technical grounds, while offering no opinion on whether or not he had violated policy. Gardner publicly stated that the decision cleared his name, and announced his resignation from the Police Services Board on November 1, 2004, one month before his term was complete, stating that his reputation was intact.[79]

[edit] Current activities

Gardner has announced that he will be seeking the Progressive Conservative nomination in the Greater Toronto Area riding of Thornhill for the 2007 Ontario provincial election [2]


Preceded by
Maureen Prinsloo
1995–1998		 Chair of the Toronto Police Services Board
1998–2004		 Succeeded by
Alan Heisey
2004–2004


[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ John Sewell, "Politically perfect in North York", Globe and Mail, 21 May 1986, A8.
  2. ^ "Election '74", Toronto Star, 28 November 1974, A19.
  3. ^ "North York elects four to Metro seats", Globe and Mail, 5 December 1978, P4.
  4. ^ Alden Barker, "Paul Godfrey: lots of power, no election expenses", Globe and Mail, 9 October 1980, P5.
  5. ^ Paulette Peirol, "Controller in North York seeks Liberal nomination", Globe and Mail, 3 March 1987, A14.
  6. ^ Norman Gardner, "Invasion 'brutal, unwanted'", Globe and Mail, 2 February 1980, P7.
  7. ^ Marina Strauss, "Hopefuls want end to chaos in North York", Globe and Mail, 30 October 1980, P4; "The borough elections", Globe and Mail, 5 November 1980, P6.
  8. ^ John Sewell, "Spirit of compromise for Board of Control", Globe and Mail, 8 November 1985, A13.
  9. ^ Denys Horgan, "Recent study cited Canada's gun build-up small concern, police say", Globe and Mail, 20 September 1984, M5.
  10. ^ Alden Baker, "Eggleton retains seat on police board", Globe and Mail, 11 December 1985, A18.
  11. ^ "New police commissioner backs guns for merchants", Toronto Star, 10 December 1986, A1; Yves Lavigne, "Police commissioner 'misquoted' on guns", Globe and Mail, 11 December 1986, A3; Lynne Ainsworth, "Commissioner's gun statements lead to calls for his resignation", Toronto Star, 11 December 1986, A3.
  12. ^ Walter Stefaniuk and Nicholas Pron, "Ten Metro police officers hurt as car rams roadblock in chase", Toronto Star, 12 February 1987, A7.
  13. ^ "North York approves co-op", Toronto Star, 27 May 1986, N6; Michael Best, "Grant to recycling firm called 'outrageous'", Toronto Star, 14 July 1987, N2.
  14. ^ Michael Best, "North York council divided on Sunday shopping plebiscite", Toronto Star, 3 February 1988, A7.
  15. ^ Paulette Peirol, "Controller in North York seeks Liberal nomination", Globe and Mail, 3 March 1987, A14.
  16. ^ Michael Best, "Willowdale Liberals nominate Matrundola", Toronto Star, 1 May 1987, A6.
  17. ^ Jim Byers and Michael Smith, "Alan Tonks is voted new Metro Chairman", Toronto Star, 14 December 1988, A1; "Flynn wins appointment to executive committee", Globe and Mail, 16 December 1988, A18; Sean Fine, "Metro Council appointments stick to conservative pattern", Globe and Mail, 20 December 1988, A17.
  18. ^ Fiorella Grossi, "Tonks accused of racism after defending Metro police", Globe and Mail, 28 April 1990", A12; Royson James, "Metro seeking control of police", Toronto Star, 8 June 1990, A5; Michael Valpy, "Who will reform police board?", Globe and Mail, 18 December 1990, A8.
  19. ^ Sean Fine, "Try over-12s as adults, commissioner suggests", Globe and Mail, 3 March 1989, A9.
  20. ^ "Jail sentences urged for armed criminals", Globe and Mail, 19 April 1991, A10.
  21. ^ Jane Coutts, "Councillors reinforcing racism, Metro group says", 30 January 1991, A8.
  22. ^ Robert MacLeod, "Gardner refuses to resign Denies remarks on immigrants", Globe and Mail, 25 January 1991, A7.
  23. ^ Elaine Carey, "'Private' Eng stung by nature of attacks", Toronto Star, 6 April 1991, A2. Gardner himself served as interim chair prior to Eng's confirmation in office.
  24. ^ Tony Wong, "Toughen 'lax' gun law Eggleton tells Ottawa", Toronto Star, 26 September 1991, A6.
  25. ^ "Special investigations leader accused of bowing to pressure", Globe and Mail, 4 February 1992, A7.
  26. ^ Susan Eng, "Military and police must heed civilian rule", Toronto Star, 13 May 1996, A17.
  27. ^ Scott Feschuk and John L. Gray, "Charges urged over politician's gunplay", Globe and Mail, 16 March 1992, A1; Gay Abbate, "Police seek man who saw Gardner shooting", Globe and Mail, 17 March 1992, A11.
  28. ^ Gay Abbate, "New curbs put on police use of guns", Globe and Mail, 29 May 1992, A15.
  29. ^ David Hilderley, "Only 7 forces visibly back Metro officers", Globe and Mail, 12 October 1992, A11.
  30. ^ Norman Gardner, "Pepper spray saves countless injuries", Toronto Star, 1 September 1992.
  31. ^ Andrew Duffy, "Police dogs to get $1.6 million home", Toronto Star, 4 February 1993, A6.
  32. ^ Gay Abbate, "Police board urges ban on handguns", Globe and Mail, 24 June 1994, A8.
  33. ^ Jane Coutts, "Ottawa blamed for Metro's financial woes", Globe and Mail, 18 January 1992, A9.
  34. ^ Susan Reid, "$15 million cutback urged in social service programs", Toronto Star, 12 February 1992, A6; Norman Gardner, "More welfare fraud coming to light", Toronto Star, 19 March 1992, A28.
  35. ^ "Ashton named to police services board", Globe and Mail, 26 November 1992, A21.
  36. ^ "Jewish group posts reward after vandals hit at natives", Toronto Star, 30 November 1992, A26.
  37. ^ "The tattler", Globe and Mail, 10 February 1993, A2.
  38. ^ Michael Valpy, "Of politics, elections and handguns", Globe and Mail, 19 March 1993, A2; Norman Gardner, "Give business a tax break", Financial Post, 1 May 1993, S5.
  39. ^ "Gardner comes back", Globe and Mail, 25 November 1993, A18.
  40. ^ Gay Abbate and Henry Hess, "Killing raises questions of violence and race", Globe and Mail, 8 April 1994, A1.
  41. ^ Royson James, "Ashton in as Gardner loses police board seat", Toronto Star, 10 December 1994, A4.
  42. ^ Gail Swainson, "Gun-totin' councillor named to police board", Toronto Star, 9 May 1996, A7.
  43. ^ Norman Gardner, "Finger scan less intrusive than a photo", Toronto Star, 7 June 1996, A24.
  44. ^ City of Toronto 1997 election results
  45. ^ "Lastman off", Toronto Star, 16 December 1997, p. 1.
  46. ^ Gardner gunning for cop board, Now Magazine, January 22-28, 1998
  47. ^ Police reform's worst nightmare, Now Magazine, February 5-11, 1998
  48. ^ What's Paul Godfrey's game?, Now Magazine, February 19-25, 1998. The vote was 4-3 for Gardner.
  49. ^ John Saunders, "Gun-collector takes reins at police board", Globe and Mail, 30 January 1998, A12.
  50. ^ John Duncanson, "Gardner wins top police board", Toronto Star, 30 January 1998, F1.
  51. ^ Jim Rankin and John Duncanson, "Police board head calls for shakeup", Toronto Star, 12 June 1998, B1.
  52. ^ Jim Rankin and John Duncanson, "Complaint bureau changes slammed", Toronto Star, 19 June 1998, F1.
  53. ^ John Duncanson, "Toronto cops to be tops in pay after deal reached", Toronto Star, 3 July 1998, A1.
  54. ^ Gay Abbate, "Gardner assailed for remarks", Globe and Mail, 8 July 1998, A8; Colin Freeze, "Apology for Jane Doe", Globe and Mail, 10 July 1998, A8; Phinjo Gombu, "Jane Doe gets apology", Toronto Star, 10 July 1998, A1.
  55. ^ Jim Rankin and John Duncanson, "Gardner cleared in secret gun probe", 3 December 1998, A1; Don Wanagas, "A gun again puts Gardner in line of fire", National Post, 10 June 2003, A15.
  56. ^ Jim Rankin, "Colleagues find Gardner not in conflict", Toronto Star, 16 December 1998, B3.
  57. ^ Wallace Immen, "Helicopter dreams crash into budget reality", Globe and Mail, 23 July 1999, A9.
  58. ^ "Lastman nixes police surcharge", Toronto Star, 4 March 1999, p. 1.
  59. ^ Theresa Boyle, "Crime hot issue in York West fight", Toronto Star, 11 November 1999, p. 1.
  60. ^ "Police union ambush needs investigation", Toronto Star, 25 January 2000, p. 1.
  61. ^ John Duncanson, "Police union to sue Sgro", Toronto Star, 26 January 2000, p. 1.
  62. ^ John Duncanson, "Police board kills secret deal to end its battle with union", Toronto Star, 3 February 2000, p. 1.
  63. ^ Norman Gardner, "No secret deal to end True Blue", Toronto Star, 18 February 2000, p. 1.
  64. ^ Wanted:Cop-watcher, Now Magazine, July 13-19, 2000
  65. ^ Political silly season takes hold at city hall, Now Magazine, September 21-27, 2000
  66. ^ Sewell, John; Gardner reappointment jumps the gun, Eye Weekly, September 21, 2001
  67. ^ Sewell, John; Gardner reappointment jumps the gun, Eye Weekly, September 21, 2001
  68. ^ April Lindgren, "Solicitor-General defends police's terror checks", National Post, 11 October 2001, A01.
  69. ^ Michelle Shephard and Jennifer Quinn, "Police chief calls for race relations probe", Toronto Star, 26 October 2002, A15.
  70. ^ Philip Mascoll, "No racial profiling by police: Gardner", Toronto Star, 18 November 2002, B04.
  71. ^ Tara Perkins, "Prize sparks debate over controversial series", Globe and Mail, 11 April 2003, A2.
  72. ^ Don Wanagas, "After Mel: Analysis: a mayoralty who's who", National Post, 16 November 2002, TO1.
  73. ^ Don Wanagas, "A gun again puts Gardner in line of fire", National Post, 10 June 2003, A15.
  74. ^ "Gardner to face inquiry over whether firearm illegal gift", National Post, 9 September 2003, A7.
  75. ^ "Mr. Gardner's bullets" [editorial], Globe and Mail, 3 March 2004, A20.
  76. ^ Katherine Harding, "Gardner approved his own expenses", Globe and Mail, 14 June 2004, A7.
  77. ^ Bill Dunphy, "Stormin' Norman appeals suspension", Hamilton Spectator, 17 April 2004, A17.
  78. ^ Paul Moloney, "Gardner should quit, Miller says", 1 June 2004, B03.
  79. ^ James Cowan, "Gardner quits police board after 'name cleared'", National Post, 2 November 2004, A13.
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