Nitobe Inazo
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Inazo Nitobe (新渡戸 稲造 Nitobe Inazō?); 1 September 1862 - 15 October 1933) was a Christian, agricultural economist, author, educator, diplomat, and politician during Meiji period and Taisho period Japan.
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[edit] Early life
Nitobe was born in Morioka, Mutsu Province (present-day Iwate Prefecture. His father was a retainer to the local daimyo of the Nambu clan. His infant name was Inanosuke. Nitobe left Morioka for Tokyo in 1871 to become the heir to his uncle, Ota Tokitoshi, and adopted the name Ota Inazo. He later reverted to Nitobe when his brothers died.
[edit] Educational career
Inazo was in the second class of the Sapporo Agricultural College (now, Hokkaido University). He was converted to Christianity under the strong legacy left by Dr. William S. Clark, the first Vice-Principal of the College, who had taught in Sapporo for eight months before Nitobe's class arrived in the second year after the opening of the college; thus they never personally crossed paths. Nitobe's classmates who converted to Christianity at the same time included Uchimura Kanzo. Nitobe and his friends were baptized by an American Methodist Episcopal missionary Bishop M.C. Harris. Nitobe's decision to study agriculture was due to a hope expressed by Emperor Meiji that the Nitobe family would continue to advance the field of agricultural development (Nitobe's father developed formerly waste land in the north of the Nambu domain near present-day Towada, then part of Iwate Prefecture, into productive farmland).
In 1883, Nitobe entered Tokyo Imperial University for further studies in English literature and in economics.
In 1884, Nitobe traveled to the United States for three years, and studied economics and political science at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. He had become skeptical of traditional Christianity shortly after he was baptized in Sapporo, and while in Baltimore he became a member of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). It was through a Quaker community in Philadelphia that he met Mary Patterson Elkinton, whom he eventually married. While at Johns Hopkins, he was granted an assistant professorship at the Sapporo Agricultural College, but was ordered to first obtain doctorate in agricultural economics in Germany. He completed his degree after three years in Halle University and returned briefly to the United States to marry Mary Elkinton in Philadelphia before he assumed his teaching position in Sapporo in 1891. By the time he returned to Japan, he had published books in English and in German, and had received the first of his five doctorate degrees.
[edit] Meiji bureaucrat & educator
In 1901 Nitobe was appointed technical advisor to the Japanese colonial government in Taiwan, where he headed the Sugar Bureau.
Nitobe was appointed a full professor of law at the Kyoto Imperial University in 1904 and lectured on colonial administration policies. He became the Headmaster of the First Higher School (then the preparatory division for the Tokyo Imperial University) in 1906 and continued this position until he accepted the full-time professorship at the Law Faculty of Tokyo Imperial University in 1913. He taught agricultural economics and colonial policy and emphasized humanitarian aspect of colonial administration、and was cross-appointed the founding president of Tokyo Woman's Christian University (Tokyo Joshi Dai). His students at Tokyo Imperial University included Tadao Yanaihara, Shigeru Nanbara, Yasaka Takagi, and Tamon Maeda. (Yanaihara later continued Nitobe's chair in colonial studies at Tokyo University; but Yanaihara's pacifist views and emphasis on indigenous self-determination, which he partly inherited from Nitobe, came into a full conflict with Japan's wartime government during the World War II, resulted in barring him from teaching until after the war).
Nitobe and Hamilton Wright Mabie in 1911 were the first exchange professors between Japan and the United States under the hospices of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
[edit] Diplomat & statesman
When the League of Nations was established in 1920, Nitobe became one of the Under-Secretaries General of the League, and moved to Geneva, Switzerland. He became a founding director of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (which later bacame UNESCO under the United Nations' mandate). His legacy in this period includes the settlement of territorial dispute between Sweden and Finland over the Swedish-speaking Åland Islands. In its resolution, the Islands remained under the Finnish control, but were disarmed and granted autonomy, averting a possible armed conflict (See also Åland crisis).
After his retirement from the League of Nations, Nitobe briefly served in the House of Peers. He held critical views on increasing militarism in Japan in the early 1930's, and was devastated by Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933 over the Manchurian Crisis and the Lytton Report.
Nitobe died in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in October 1933 on the way home from an international conference held in Banff, Alberta. Morioka, Nitobe's birth place, and Victoria have been twin cities since 1985. Mary Elkington Nitobe lived in Japan until her death in 1938. Mary compiled and edited many of Nitobe's unpublished manuscripts, including his memoirs of early childhood, and contributed greatly to the preservation of his writings.
[edit] Legacy
Nitobe Inazo was a prolific writer. He published many scholarly books as well as books for general readers (see below). He also contributed hundreds of articles to popular magazines and newspapers. Nitobe, however, is perhaps most famous in the west for his work Bushido: The Soul of Japan (1900), which was one of the first major works on samurai ethics written originally in English for Western readers (The book was subsequently translated into Japanese). Although sometimes criticized as portraying the samurai in terms so Western as to take away some of their actual meaning, this book nonetheless was a pioneering work of its kind.
Nitobe's writings are now available in Nitobe Inazo Zenshu (the Complete Works of Inazo Nitobe),24 volume set from Kyobunkan, 1983-1991. His English and other western language work are collected in the 5 volume Works of Inazo Nitobe, The University of Tokyo Press, 1972. Major critical essays on Nitobe's life and thought were collected in John F. Howes, ed. Nitobe Inazo: Japan's Bridge Across the Pacific (Westview, 1995). Full biography in English is: George M. Oshiro, Internationalist in Pre-War Japan: Nitobe Inazo, 1862-1933 (UBC PhD. Thesis, 1986); and in Japanese by the same author: Nitobe Inazo, Kokusai-shugi no Kaitakusha (Chūō Daigaku Shuppanbu, 1992).
His portrait was featured on the series D of ¥5000 banknote, printed from 1984 to 2004.
The Nitobe Memorial Garden at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada is named in his honor.
[edit] Quotations
- "What is important is to try to develop insights and wisdom rather than mere knowledge, respect someone's character rather than his learning, and nurture men of character rather than mere talents."
- "If there is anything to do, there is certainly a best way to do it, and the best way is both the most economical and the most graceful."
