Nicolas Louis de Lacaille
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Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (March 15, 1713 – March 21, 1762) was a French astronomer.
He is noted for his catalogue of nearly 10,000 southern stars, including 42 nebulous objects. This catalogue, called Coelum Australe Stelliferum, was published posthumously in 1763. It introduced 14 new constellations which have since become standard. He also calculated a table of eclipses for 1800 years.
Born at Rumigny, in the Ardennes, left destitute by the death of his father, who held a post in the household of the duchess of Vendôme, his theological studies at the College de Lisieux in Paris were undertaken at the expense of the duke of Bourbon.
After he had taken deacon's orders, however, he concentrated on science, and, through the patronage of Jacques Cassini, obtained employment, first in surveying the coast from Nantes to Bayonne, then, in 1739, in remeasuring the French arc of the meridian, for which he is honored with a pyramid at Juvisy-sur-Orge. The success of this difficult operation, which occupied two years, and achieved the correction of the anomalous result published by J. Cassini in 1718, was mainly due to Lacaille's industry and skill. He was rewarded by admission to the Academy and the appointment of mathematical professor in Mazarin college, where he worked in a small observatory fitted for his use.
His desire to observe the southern heavens led him to propose, in 1750, an astronomical expedition to the Cape of Good Hope, which was officially sanctioned. Among its results were determinations of the lunar and of the solar parallax (Mars serving as an intermediary), the first measurement of a South African arc of the meridian, and the observation of 10,000 southern stars. On his return to Paris in 1754 Lacaille was distressed to find himself an object of public attention; he withdrew to Mazarin college, and there died of an attack of gout aggravated by over-work.
Lalande said of him that, during a comparatively short life, he had made more observations and calculations than all the astronomers of his time put together. The quality of his work rivalled its quantity, while the disinterestedness and rectitude of his moral character earned him universal respect.
La Caille crater on the Moon was named after him in 1961. Asteroid 9135 Lacaille (AKA 7609 P-L and 1994 EK6), discovered on October 17, 1960 by Cornelis Johannes van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory, was also named after him.
[edit] Principal Works
- Astronomiae Fundamenta (1757), containing a standard catalogue of 398 stars, re-edited by F. Baily (Memoirs Roy. Astr. Society, v. 93)
- Tabulae Solares (1758)
- Coelum australe stelliferum (1763) (edited by J. D. Maraldi), giving zone observations of 10,000 stars, and describing fourteen new constellations
- Observations sur 515 étoiles du Zodiaque (published in t. vi. of his Ephémérides, 1763)
- Leçons élémentaires de Mathématiques (1741), frequently reprinted
- ditto de Mécanique (1743), &c.
- ditto d'Astronomie (1746), 4th edition augmented by Lalande (1779)
- ditto d'Optique (1750), &c.
- Calculations by him of eclipses for eighteen hundred years were inserted in L'Art de vérifier les dates by Benedictine historian Charles Clémencet (1750)
- he communicated to the Academy in 1755 a classed catalogue of forty two southern nebulae, and gave in t. ii. of his Ephémérides (1755) practical rules for the employment of the lunar method of longitudes, proposing in his additions to Pierre Bouguer's Traité de Navigation (1760) the model of a nautical almanac.
[edit] See also
- David S. Evans: Lacaille: astronomer, traveller; with a new translation of his journal. Tucson: Pachart, 1992 ISBN 0-88126-284-6
- N.L. de La Caille: Travels at the Cape, 1751-53: an annotated translation of Journal historique du voyage fait au Cap de Bonne-Espérance ...; transl. and ed. by R. Raven-Hart. Cape Town: A.A. Balkema for the Friends of the South African Library, 1976 ISBN 0-86961-068-6
|
Constellations changed by Lacaille in 1763 |
| Argo Navis split into Carina | Puppis | Vela |
| Eridanus split into Eridanus | Fornax |
| Sagittarius | Corona Australis altered to create Telescopium |
| Centaurus | Lupus altered to create Circinus |
|
The 14 Constellations introduced by Lacaille in 1763 |
| Antlia | Caelum | Circinus | Fornax | Horologium | Mensa | Microscopium | Norma | Octans | Pictor | Pyxis | Reticulum | Sculptor | Telescopium |
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
