New Orleans Mint

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A postcard dated July 12, 1907 showing the New Orleans Mint during its last few years of operation as a branch mint facility.

The Ionic portico of the façade of the New Orleans Mint today, as seen from across Esplanade Avenue. The trees in front of the Mint along the street have grown up, such that it is very difficult to obtain a good photograph of the Mint's façade today.

Architecture Portal

The U.S. Mint in New Orleans operated as a branch of the United States Mint from 1838 to 1861 and from 1879 to 1909. During its years of operation, it produced over 427 million gold and silver coins of nearly every American denomination, with a total face value of over US$307 million. It was closed during most of the American Civil War and the period called Reconstruction.

After its decommissioning as a mint, the building served a variety of purposes, including as an assay office, a U.S. Coast Guard storage facility, and a fallout shelter. Since 1981 it has served as a branch of the Louisiana State Museum. As of August 2006 it is closed to the public pending repairs following Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

The New Orleans Mint has been designated a National Historic Landmark, and is currently the oldest surviving structure to have served as a U.S. Mint. Along with the Charlotte Mint, it is one of two former mint facilities in the United States to house an art gallery.

[edit] History

[edit] Antebellum period, 1835-1861

[edit] Background

This photo from the Louisiana State Museum in the old U.S. Mint shows the original 1835 plans for the building by William Strickland. The Mint building retains this basic W-shaped design today.

The city of New Orleans, Louisiana has been an important commercial center since it was founded along the banks of the Mississippi River, near the Gulf of Mexico, in 1718. This fact was reinforced when the United States Federal Government established a branch mint there on March 3, 1835, along with two other Southern branch mints at Charlotte, North Carolina and Dahlonega, Georgia. Such action was deemed necessary for many reasons. For one, in 1832, President Andrew Jackson had vetoed a rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States, an institution which he felt extended credit to northeastern commercial tycoons at the expense of the ordinary frontiersmen of the Old Southwest, a region with which Jackson, a Tennessean, strongly identified. Second, in 1836, Jackson had issued an executive order called a specie circular which demanded that all land transactions in the United States be conducted in cash. Both of these actions, combined with the economic depression following the Panic of 1837 (caused partly by Jackson's fiscal policies) increased the domestic need for minted money.^[1]

New Orleans' strategic location along the Mississippi River made it a magnet for commercial activity. Large quantities of gold from Mexico also passed through its port annually. In the early nineteenth century, New Orleans, which was the fifth-largest city in the United States, conducted more foreign trade than any other city in the nation. It was also located relatively near to gold deposits recently discovered in Alabama. While the Mint in Philadelphia produced a substantial quantity of coinage, in the early nineteenth century it could not disperse the money swiftly to the far regions of the new nation, particularly the South and West.^[2] In contrast to the other two Southern branch mints, which only minted gold coinage, the New Orleans Mint produced both gold and silver coins, which arguably marked it as the most important branch mint in the country.

The Mint's location occupies a prominent place in civic history. It sits at the northeastern edge of the French Quarter, which used to be the entire city, or Vieux Carré, of New Orleans. Under French and Spanish rule the area was home to the defenses of the city. In 1792, the Spanish governor François Louis Hector, Baron de Carondelet, erected Fort San Carlos (later Fort St. Charles) there. The fort was demolished in 1821 and the nearby area named Jackson Square in honor of Andrew Jackson. As a general in the United States Army, Jackson had saved the city from invading British forces on January 8, 1815, in the famous Battle of New Orleans, the last battle of the War of 1812.^[3]

[edit] Architectural history

[edit] Design and construction

View through a window in the old U.S. Mint showing one of the rear courtyards.

Shallow Catalan arches provide the structural support for the floors of the Mint.

An illustration from Harper's Weekly in 1867 showing the smokestack built behind the New Orleans Mint. Remains of the smokestack's foundation can still be seen today.

The Mint building, which was constructed in red brick, was designed by architect William Strickland in the Neoclassical style, like most 19th century public buildings in the United States.^[4] Strickland was a student of the architect Benjamin Latrobe, a famous disciple of Neoclassicism who had helped design the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. Strickland himself, based in Philadelphia, had already designed the Philadelphia Mint building and (ironically) the Second Bank of the United States, and would go on to design the Charlotte and Dahlonega facilities, meaning he was the architect of the first four U.S. mint buildings.^[5] Martin Gordon supervised the building's construction, which was undertaken by Benjamin F. Fox, the master carpenter and joiner, and John Mitchell, the master stonemason and builder.^[6]

On the north façade the mint building features a central Ionic portico supported by four monumental columns that are flanked at the ends by square pillars. The top of the portico contains a simple entablature, crowned by a simple, unadorned triangular pediment. This entrance, which sits on top of a basement story, fronts the rectangular central core of the facility and is flanked by two large wings of multiple bays of rectangular windows. These wings wrap around the central rectangular core to form a "W" shaped structure with two square courtyards at the rear. Balconies framed by iron railings and posts adorn the sections of the building's south façade that adjoin the courtyards. Although the building contains the essential elements of classical architecture – proportioned columns, an entablature with moldings, and a symmetrical plan, for example – its Neoclassicism differs from other styles such as Baroque, Beaux-Arts, or Rococo in that it uses severe, simple straight lines and geometric forms, and remains devoid of almost any significant ornamentation.

On the interior, Strickland placed the grand staircase that connects the three levels immediately behind the portico in the central core of the structure. Many of the ceilings, also made of brick and sometimes covered in plaster use Catalan arches in continuous Catalan vault, which makes them very strong structurally. On the second floor, many of the larger rooms which were used for coining and melting contain ceilings with beautiful high arches supported by the walls and freestanding piers. The smaller rectangular rooms on the second level (and the basement), such as the former superintendent's office, also contain these arched ceilings with a single groin vault. The basement formerly contained the boilers inside a brick cage, but now contains museum exhibits devoted to the minting activity as well as the Coin Vault at the Mint, a coin shop.

[edit] Structural problems and repairs

Strickland did not take into account the swampy lowland and high water table that characterizes the terrain around New Orleans, and so during its career the New Orleans Mint building has encountered numerous structural problems from the shifting soil beneath its foundation.^[7] In the 1840s the building was reinforced with iron rods inserted between the floors. In 1854, the Federal government hired the recent West Point engineering graduate (and Louisiana native) Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard to fireproof the building, rebuild the arches supporting the basement ceiling, and install masonry flooring. Beauregard completed the work in conjunction with Captain Johnson K. Duncan by 1859. During this period, the Mint's heavy machinery was converted to steam power, and so a smokestack (since demolished) was built at the rear of the structure to carry away the fumes.^[8]

Less than two years later, Beauregard would rise to national fame as the Confederate general who ordered the April 1861 assault on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, South Carolina, thus beginning the American Civil War. It was during the war that Beauregard would secure his place in American history as one of the Confederacy's most capable generals.

[edit] Early coining operations

A scale for weighing coinage used at the New Orleans Mint in the 19th century.

Operations at the New Orleans Mint began on March 8, 1838, with the deposit of the first Mexican gold bullion. The first coins, 30 dimes, were struck on May 7. It produced many different denominations of coins in its first tour of duty: silver three-cent pieces, half dimes, dimes, quarters, half dollars, silver dollars, gold dollars, $2.50 quarter eagles, three-dollar pieces, $5 half eagles, $10 eagles, and $20 double eagles.^[9]

Many interesting characters served at the Mint during the early years of operation. One was John Leonard Riddell, who served as melter and refiner at the Mint from 1839 to 1848, and, outside of his job, pursued interests in botany, medicine, chemistry, geology, and physics. He invented the binocular microscope. He also wrote on numismatics, publishing in 1845 a book entitled Monograph of the Silver Dollar, Good and Bad, Illustrated With Facsimile Figures, and two years later an article by him appeared in DeBow's Review called "The Mint At New Orleans--Processes Pursued of Working the Precious Metals--Statistics of Coinage, etc." Riddell was not held in high esteem by everyone, however: his conflicts with other Mint employees were well-documented, and at one point he was accused of being unable to properly conduct a gold melt.^[10]

Throughout the nineteenth century the New Orleans Mint was frequently featured in magazines, newspapers, and other print publications. Articles discussing and images picturing the Mint, in addition to the one by Riddell noted above, were featured in Ballou's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion, published in Boston, and the widely-circulated Harper's Weekly.^[11]

[edit] Civil War and recommissioning, 1861-79

[edit] Secession and rebel seizure

A Confederate Half Dollar struck at New Orleans in 1861.

The New Orleans Mint operated continuously from 1838 until January 26, 1861, when Louisiana seceded from the United States. On January 29, the Secession Convention reconvened at New Orleans (it had earlier met in Baton Rouge) and passed an ordinance that allowed Federal employees to remain in their posts, but as employees of the state of Louisiana. In March, Louisiana accepted the constitution of the Confederate States of America, and the Confederate government retained all the mint officers.^[12] They used it briefly as their own coinage facility--the only one of the three Southern mint facilities that was used by the Confederacy. The Confederates struck many of the silver 1861-O half dollars themselves; in fact, it is impossible to tell which of the 2,532,633 1861-O half dollars were struck under Federal occupation and which were struck after the Confederates seized the building. Later that year the Confederates designed alternate reverse dies which they used to strike their own half dollars at New Orleans (see image). The exact number of half dollars struck by the Confederates with the alternate reverse is unknown; only four of the Confederate coins are known to exist today. One of them, which was recently sold at auction for a very large sum, was once owned by Jefferson Davis, the only President of the Confederacy. They continued this process from April 1 until the bullion ran out later that month. The staff remained on duty until May 31.^[13] After that the mint was used for quartering Confederate troops until it was recaptured along with the rest of the city the following year largely by Union naval forces under the command of admiral David G. Farragut.

[edit] Occupation by Union forces

A piece of the U.S. flag William Mumford tore down from the New Orleans Mint in 1862.

For many Southern sympathizers, the Mint soon became a symbol of their hatred for the Union occupation. After U. S. Marines under Farragut had raised the U.S. flag on the roof of the Mint in April 1862, a professional steamboat gambler named William Mumford ascended the roof and tore the flag down. He ripped the banner into shreds, and defiantly stuffed pieces of it into his shirt to wear as souvenirs. Union general Benjamin Butler, the military governor of New Orleans (who was soon to be derisively nicknamed "Spoons" for allegedly pocketing the silverware of New Orleans citizens arrested for treason against the United States), ordered Mumford executed in retaliation. And so, Mumford was hung from a flagstaff projecting horizontally from the building on June 7, 1862. Mumford's hanging made national headlines. Jefferson Davis demanded that Butler immediately be executed if captured.^[14] The event stuck in the minds of many New Orleanians: eleven years later, in 1873, a visitor to the city named Edward King mentioned it in his description of the structure.^[15]

The mint reopened as an assay office in 1876. Its machinery was evidently damaged during the war, but because of its importance, unlike the mints at Charlotte and Dahlonega, in 1877 U. S. Mint agent James R. Snowden asked superintendent of the office, Dr. M. F. Bonzano, to report on the condition of the facility for minting. Upon receipt of Bonzano's report, new minting equipment was shipped to New Orleans. The building was refurbished and put back into active minting service in 1879, producing mainly silver coinage, including the famed Morgan silver dollar from 1879 to 1904.^[16]

[edit] A second chance, 1879-1909

[edit] New Orleans coinage

An 1899-O Morgan Dollar. Some of the most famous American coins, today they are the most widely available of the types produced in New Orleans.

The refurbishment and recommissioning of the New Orleans Mint was due partly to the fact that in 1878 the Federal government in Washington, D.C. had passed the Bland-Allison Act, which mandated the purchase and coining of a large quantity of silver yearly. The Treasury Department needed additional facilities to do so. It reopened the New Orleans facility primarily to coin large quantities of silver dollars, most of which were simply stored in the building instead of circulated.^[17]

During this second period of operation, the mint also coined dimes, quarters, half dollars, $5 half eagles, $10 eagles, and, in 1879 only, 2,325 double eagles. It should also be noted that the New Orleans Mint was used by the Federal authorities in 1907 to coin over five and a half million silver twenty-centavo pieces for the Mexican government as part of the American government's program of producing foreign coinage. The New Orleans Mint, whose coins can be identified by the "O" mint mark found on the reverse of its coinage, earned a reputation for producing coins of a mediocre quality; their luster is usually not as brilliant as those of other mints, and center areas tend to be flattened and not sharply struck. Thus, well-struck New Orleanian coinage is prized in the numismatic world today.^[18]

[edit] Social history

A water cooler given as a gift to the head of the coining department at the New Orleans Mint in 1891 by his staff.

Not surprisingly, men made up the majority of the workers at the Mint. They worked such jobs as coiners, melters, pressers, cutters, and rollers. The Mint was overseen by a superintendent, who was always male. He was a political appointee whose term usually did not last much longer than the party in the White House remained in power.

But it was also during the mint's second tour of duty that women began to find work at the New Orleans Mint. Several women workers were sent from the Philadelphia Mint to teach those in New Orleans how to adjust money. About this time, the Mint employed forty-four women. Thirty-nine worked as adjusters – employees who weighed the unstamped coin planchets to make sure they were the proper weight before coining. These women would sit at long narrow tables, filing the planchets down to the proper weight, wearing special aprons with pouches attached to the sleeves and the waist to catch the excess dust. Five women served as counters and packers before the coins were shipped to Washington, D.C.. Some women were eventually employed at the coining presses.

The women did not work long hours – only from 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. daily – but the working conditions were probably unbearable by modern standards. New Orleans endures a very warm, wet climate, which would necessitate opening the windows to ventilate the building, especially during the summer. The process of adjusting, however, required the utmost attention to the scales' balance, and the slightest draft could upset it. The draft could also carry off the silver dust from the coin planchets the women would file. For this reason, the windows and doors were almost always kept shut. This must have made the building feel like a steamy oven to the workers inside, and the absence of ventilation meant that the workers constantly inhaled the poisonous silver dust from the coins they adjusted. Workers relied on water coolers to provide relief from the heat and avoid dehydration. Despite this horrible environment for labor, the women Mint employees were still judged to enjoy better working conditions than many other American women workers in the late nineteenth century.^[19]

[edit] Odd jobs: the mint in the twentieth century, 1909-present

[edit] Closure

A close-up of the "O" mint mark on a New Orleans $10 gold piece.

By the early twentieth century, the U.S. Treasury had mints operating in New Orleans, Denver, San Francisco, and the main center in Philadelphia, which more than met the demand for minted money. Despite the facility's years of faithful service, in 1909 Treasury officials halted minting activity in New Orleans by simply refusing to appropriate funds for its operation.^[20] In 1911, the New Orleans Mint was formally decommissioned and the machinery was transferred to the main U. S. Mint facility in Philadelphia,^[21] a sad event which stuck in the minds of Louisianans. Twenty years later, in 1930, Governor Huey Long would rail against this loss when he ran for the office of U.S. Senator against incumbent Joseph Ransdell. In a circular distributed by his campaign to the citizens of New Orleans, Long listed the loss of the Mint as the very first of many complaints against Ransdell's lengthy service record in the U.S. Senate. Long went on to win the election.^[22] At some point, however, the original New Orleans machinery was lost, and, at present, has not been located.^[23]

[edit] Transformation

The basement of the old U.S. Mint contains artifacts and photographs from the era 1838-1909, and is the part of the museum devoted exclusively to the building's function in that capacity.

After the mint closed, it performed a variety of functions for the Federal government. It was first downgraded to an assay office for the United States Treasury as it had been from 1876-79. Then, in 1932, the assay office closed and the building was converted into a Federal prison, in which capacity it served until 1943. The Coast Guard then took over the building as a nominal storage facility, though in truth the structure was largely abandoned and left to decay until it was transferred to the state of Louisiana in 1965. During the Cold War, when many believed there to be a high risk of nuclear war, the old Mint was considered to be the best fallout shelter in the city. The state agreed to save the structure from demolition on condition that it be renovated and converted to some other purpose within fifteen years.

Between 1978 and 1980, the state did just that. The Mint building has functioned since 1981 as a museum of the minting activity, Mardi Gras, jazz music, Newcomb pottery, all of which have contributed to New Orleans' international fame. On the third floor, the Mint also houses an archive of maps and documents, including French and Spanish colonial records. Along with the Cabildo, the Presbytere, The 1850 House, and Madame John's Legacy, it is one of five branches of the Louisiana State Museum in the French Quarter.^[24]

[edit] Hurricane Katrina and aftermath

Prior to Hurricane Katrina in 2005, like all Louisiana State Museum properties, the Mint was open Tuesday through Sunday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., except for state holidays. The building suffered significant roof damage from the hurricane. Water entered the building and came into contact with approximately 3% of the New Orleans Jazz collection, portions of which have been removed and are under restoration and care at Louisiana State University, the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and the Louisiana State Archives. As of August 2006, weatherproofing the building is complete and contractors are working on mold remediation. The entire process of structural restoration has been estimated to take about one year (presumably from September 2005). However, until the complete collection is reinstalled, the museum remains closed to the public.^[25]

[edit] Coinage produced

For year-by-year mintage statistics for the New Orleans Mint, see the List of coinage produced by the New Orleans Mint.

[edit] Silver coins

Coin Type	Series	Years Minted	Image	Notes
Three-Cent Pieces	Silver three-cent	1851		The "O" mintmark is to the right of right of the Roman numeral "III" on the reverse. This was the only year three-cent pieces were struck by a branch mint.
Half Dimes	Seated Liberty	1838-42, 1844, 1848-60		The 1853 coins were minted in two varieties: one with arrows at the date, and one without them.
Dimes	Seated Liberty	1838-43, 1845, 1849-60, 1891		The mint mark is located in the wreath.
	Barber	1892-1903, 1905-9		Note the mint mark on the reverse below the wreath.
Quarters	Seated Liberty	1840-4, 1847, 1849-60, 1891
	Barber	1892-1909		Most Barber coins from New Orleans and other U.S. mints were widely circulated, which explains why this example is so worn and its details are hard to make out.
Half Dollars	Capped Bust	1838-9		The two years that this coin was minted in New Orleans marked the first time in American numismatic history that mintmarks appeared on the obverse. After 1840, mintmarks would not return to the obverse until 1968.
	Seated Liberty	1840-61
	Barber	1892-1909
Dollars	Seated Liberty	1846, 1850, 1859-60
	Morgan	1878-1904		The most common coin ever produced by the New Orleans Mint.

[edit] Gold coins

Coin Type	Series	Years Minted	Image	Notes
Dollars	Liberty Head	1849-53		The 1849 issues were only struck with an open wreath on the reverse.
	Indian Princess	1855	(no image available)
Quarter Eagles ($2.50)	Classic Head	1839	(no image available)
	Liberty Head	1840, 1842-3, 1845-7, 1850-2, 1854, 1856-7		This example shows the mintmark merging with the arrow feathers below the eagle, a common occurrence on nineteenth-century U.S. coins.
Three Dollars	Indian Head	1854	(no image available)	This was the only year in which three-dollar gold pieces were struck in New Orleans.
Half Eagles ($5)	Liberty Head	1840-7, 1851, 1854-7, 1892-4
	Indian Head	1909	(no image available)	These coins were incused when minted; that is, the die pattern was pressed into the planchet.
Eagles ($10)	Liberty Head	1841-60, 1879-83, 1888, 1892-5, 1897, 1899, 1901, 1903-4, 1906		The banner above the eagle with the motto "In God We Trust" was added to $10 gold pieces in 1866. 1894 saw one of the highest mintage totals for Eagles at the New Orleans Mint.
Double Eagles ($20)	Liberty Head	1850-61, 1879		The largest denomination of circulating coinage issued by the U.S. Mint.

[edit] Notes

[edit] Bibliography

• Bailey, Thomas A., David Kennedy, Lizabeth Cohen. The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 11th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 1044 pp.
• Bowers, Q. David. The Official Red Book of Morgan Silver Dollars: A Complete History and Price Guide. Atlanta: Whitman Publishing, 2004. 288 pp.
• Evans, George Greenlief. Illustrated History of the United States Mint. Philadelphia: G. G. Evans, 1885. New revised edition, 1894. 179 pp.
• Irwin, David. Neoclassicism. London, UK: Phaidon, 1997. 448 pp.
• Lange, David. A History of the United States Mint and Its Coinage. New York: Whitman, 2005. 190 pp.
• Taxay, Don. The United States Mint and Coinage: An Illustrated History from 1776 to the Present. New York: Arco, 1966. 400 pp.
• The Old U.S. Mint: A Historic Property of the Louisiana State Museum. Brochure. New Orleans: Louisiana State Museum, 2005. 4 pp.
• Various exhibit placards, Old U.S. Mint, Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans.
• Williams, Harry T. Huey Long. New York: Knopf, 1969. Reprint, Vintage, 1981. 944 pp.

[edit] External links

• Louisiana State Museum
• Coin Vault At The New Orleans Mint
• Yahoo! Travel Information page on the New Orleans Mint
• New Orleans Museums' Official Site on the Old U.S. Mint
• American Numismatic Association Article on the Old U.S. Branch Mint at New Orleans
• Brief history of the New Orleans Mint