Network Switching Subsystem
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Network Switching Subsystem, or NSS, is the component of a GSM system that carries out switching functions and manages the communications between mobile phones and the Public Switched Telephone Network. It is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile phones to communicate with each other and telephones in the wider telecommunications network. The architecture closely resembles a telephone exchange, but there are additional functions which are needed because the phones are not fixed in one location. Each of these functions handle different aspects of mobility management and are described in more detail below.
The Network Switching Subsystem, also referred to as the GSM core network, usually refers to the circuit-switched core network, used for traditional GSM services such as voice calls, SMS, and Circuit Switched Data calls.
There is also an overlay architecture on the GSM core network to provide packet-switched data services and is known as the GPRS core network. This allows mobile phones to have access to services such as WAP, MMS, and Internet access.
All mobile phones manufactured today have both circuit and packet based services, so most operators have a GPRS network in addition to the standard GSM core network.
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[edit] Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
[edit] Description
The Mobile Switching Centre or MSC is a sophisticated telephone exchange which provides circuit-switched calling, mobility management, and GSM services to the mobile phones roaming within the area that it serves. This means voice, data and fax services, as well as SMS and call divert.
In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier analogue services, fax and data information is sent directly digitally encoded to the MSC. Only at the MSC is this re-coded into an "analogue" signal (although actually this will almost certainly mean sound encoded digitally as PCM signal in a 64-kbit/s timeslot, known as a DS0 in America).
There are various different names for MSCs in different contexts which reflects their complex role in the network, all of these terms though could refer to the same MSC, but doing different things at different times.
A Gateway MSC is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the subscriber who is being called is currently located. It also interfaces with the Public Switched Telephone Network. All mobile to mobile calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a GMSC. The term is only valid in the context of one call since any MSC may provide both the gateway function and the Visited MSC function, however, some manufacturers design dedicated high capacity MSCs which do not have any BSCs connected to them. These MSCs will then be the Gateway MSC for many of the calls they handle.
The Visited MSC is the MSC where a customer is currently located. The VLR associated with this MSC will have the subscriber's data in it.
The Anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has been initiated. The Target MSC is the MSC toward which a Handover should take place. An MSC Server is a part of the redesigned MSC concept starting from 3GPP Release 5.
[edit] Other GSM Core Network Elements connected to the MSC
The MSC connects to the following elements:
- The HLR for obtaining data about the SIM and MSISDN
- the Base Station Subsystem which handles the radio communication with 2G and 2.5G mobile phones.
- the UTRAN which handles the radio communication with 3G mobile phones.
- the VLR for determining where other mobile subscribers are located.
- other MSCs for procedures such as handover.
[edit] Procedures implemented
Tasks of the MSC include
- delivering calls to subscribers as they arrive based on information from the VLR
- connecting outgoing calls to other mobile subscribers or the PSTN.
- delivering SMSs from subscribers to the SMSC and vice versa
- arranging handovers from BSC to BSC
- carrying out handovers from this MSC to another
- supporting supplementary services such as conference calls or call hold.
- collecting billing information.
[edit] Home Location Register (HLR)
[edit] Description
The Home Location Register or HLR is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the GSM core network.
There is one HLR in one Public Land Mobile Network. HLR is a single database but can be maintained as separate databases when the data to be stored is more than the capacity.
More precisely, the HLR stores details of every SIM card issued by the mobile phone operator. Each SIM has a unique identifier called an IMSI which is one of the primary keys to each HLR record.
The next important items of data associated with the SIM are the telephone numbers used to make and receive calls to the mobile phone, known as MSISDNs. The main MSISDN is the number used for making and receiving voice calls and SMS, but it is possible for a SIM to have other secondary MSISDNs associated with it for fax and data calls. Each MSISDN is also a primary key to the HLR record.
Examples of other data stored in the HLR in a SIM record is:
- GSM services that the subscriber has requested or been given
- GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services
- Current Location of subscriber (VLR and SGSN)
- Call divert settings applicable for each associated MSISDN.
The HLR data is stored for as long as a subscriber remains with the mobile phone operator.
At first glance, the HLR seems to be just a database which is merely accessed by other network elements which do the actual processing for mobile phone services. In fact the HLR is a system which directly receives and processes MAP transactions and messages. If the HLR fails, then the mobile network is effectively disabled as it is the HLR which manages the Location Updates as mobile phones roam around.
As the number of mobile subscribers has grown in mobile phone operators the HLR has become a more powerful computer server rather than the traditional telephone exchange hardware in the early days of GSM.
[edit] Other GSM Core Network Elements connected to the HLR
The HLR connects to the following elements:
- the Gateway MSC (G-MSC) for handling incoming calls
- The VLR for handling requests from mobile phones to attach to the network
- The SMSC for handling incoming SMS
- The voice mail system for delivering notifications to the mobile phone that a message is waiting
[edit] Procedures implemented
The main function of the HLR is to manage the fact that SIMs and phones move around a lot. The following procedures are implemented to deal with this:
- Manage the mobility of subscribers by means of updating their position in administrative areas called 'location areas', which are identified with a LAC. The action of a user of moving from one LA to another is followed by the HLR with a Location area update while retrieving information from BSS as BSIC (cell identifier).
- Send the subscriber data to a VLR or SGSN when a subscriber first roams there.
- Broker between the GMSC or SMSC and the subscriber's current VLR in order to allow incoming calls or text messages to be delivered.
- Remove subscriber data from the previous VLR when a subscriber has roamed away from it.
[edit] Authentication Centre (AUC)
[edit] Description
The Authentication Centre or AUC is a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the GSM core network (typically when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An encryption key is also generated that is subsequently used to encrypt all wireless communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile phone and the GSM core network.
If the authentication fails, then no services are possible from that particular combination of SIM card and mobile phone operator attempted. There is an additional form of identification check performed on the serial number of the mobile phone described in the EIR section below, but this is not relevant to the AUC processing.
Proper implementation of security in and around the AUC is a key part of an operator's strategy to avoid SIM cloning.
The AUC does not engage directly in the authentication process, but instead generates data known as triplets for the MSC to use during the procedure. The security of the process depends upon a shared secret between the AUC and the SIM called the Ki. The Ki is securely burned into the SIM during manufacture and is also securely replicated onto the AUC. This Ki is never transmitted between the AUC and SIM, but is combined with the IMSI to produce a challenge/response for identification purposes and an encryption key called Kc for use in over the air communications.
[edit] Other GSM Core Network Elements connected to the AUC
The AUC connects to the following elements:
- the MSC which requests a new batch of triplet data for an IMSI after the previous data have been used. This ensures that same keys and challenge responses are not used twice for a particular mobile.
[edit] Procedures implemented
The AUC stores the following data for each IMSI:
- the Ki
- Algorithm id (the standard algorithms are called A3 or A8, but an operator may choose a proprietary one).
When the MSC asks the AUC for a new set of triplets for a particular IMSI, the AUC first generates a random number known as RAND. This RAND is then combined with the Ki to produce two numbers as follows:
- The Ki and RAND are fed into the A3 algorithm and a number known as Signed RESponse or SRES is calculated.
- The Ki and RAND are fed into the A8 algorithm and a session key called Kc is calculated.
The numbers (RAND, SRES, KC) form the triplet sent back to the MSC. When a particular IMSI requests access to the GSM core network, the MSC sends the RAND part of the triplet to the SIM. The SIM then feeds this number and the Ki (which is burned onto the SIM) into the A3 algorithm as appropriate and an SRES is calculated and sent back to the MSC. If this SRES matches with the SRES in the triplet (which it should if it is a valid SIM), then the mobile is allowed to attach and proceed with GSM services.
After successful authentication, the MSC sends the encryption key Kc to the Base Station Controller (BSC) so that all communications can be encrypted and decrypted. Of course, the mobile phone can generate the Kc itself by feeding the same RAND supplied during authentication and the Ki into the A8 algorithm.
The AUC is usually collocated with the HLR, although this is not necessary. Whilst the procedure is secure for most everyday use, it is by no means crack proof. Therefore a new set of security methods was designed for 3G phones.
[edit] Visitor Location Register (VLR)
[edit] Description
The Visitor Location Register or VLR is a temporary database of the subscribers who have roamed into the particular area which it serves. Each Base Station in the network is served by exactly one VLR, hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time.
The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the HLR, or collected from the MS. In practice, for performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR directly to the V-MSC and, where this is not done, the VLR is very tightly linked with the MSC via a proprietary interface.
Data stored includes:
- IMSI (the subscriber's identity number)
- authentication data
- MSISDN (the subscriber's phone number)
- GSM services that the subscriber is allowed to access
- Access Point (GPRS) subscribed
- the HLR address of the subscriber
[edit] Other GSM Core Network Elements connected to the VLR
The VLR connects to the following elements:
- the Visited MSC (V-MSC) to pass data needed by the V-MSC during its procedures, e.g. authentication or call setup.
- The HLR to request data for mobile phones attached to its serving area.
- Other VLRs to transfer temporary data concerning the mobile when they roam into new VLR areas (for example TMSI which is an ephemeral temporary IMSI used in communication).
[edit] Procedures implemented
The primary functions of the VLR are:
- to inform the HLR that a subscriber has arrived in the particular area covered by the VLR
- to track where the subscriber is within the VLR area (location area) when no call is ongoing
- to allow or disallow which services the subscriber may use
- to allocate roaming numbers during the processing of incoming calls
- to purge the subscriber record if a subscriber becomes inactive whilst in the area of a VLR. The VLR deletes the subscriber's data after a fixed time period of inactivity and informs the HLR (e.g. when the phone has been switched off and left off or when the subscriber has moved to an area with no coverage for a long time).
- to delete the subscriber record when a subscriber explicitly moves to another, as instructed by the HLR
[edit] EIR
The EIR (Equipment Identity Register) is often integrated to the HLR. The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network or monitored. This is designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones. In theory all data about all stolen mobile phones should be distributed to all EIRs in the world through a Central EIR. It is clear, however, that there are some countries where this is not in operation. The EIR data does not have to change in real time, which means that this function can be less distributed than the function of the HLR.
[edit] Other support functions
Connected more or less directly to the GSM core network are many other functions.
[edit] BC
The Billing Centre is responsible for processing the toll tickets generated by the VLRs and HLRs and generating a bill for each subscriber.
[edit] SMSC
The Short Message Service Centre supports the sending of text messages.
[edit] MMSC
The Multimedia Messaging System Centre supports the sending of multimedia messages (e.g. Images, Audio, Video and their combinations) to (or from) MMS-enabled Handsets.
[edit] VMS
The Voicemail System records and stores voicemails.
[edit] Lawful interception functions
According to U.S. law, which has also been copied into many other countries, especially in Europe, all telecommunications equipment must provide facilities for monitoring the calls of selected users. There must be some level of support for this built into any of the different elements. The concept of lawful interception is also known, following the relevant U.S. law, as CALEA.
[edit] See also
The GPRS Core Network with the rest of the GSM core network.
