Nero Wolfe

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Nero Wolfe is a fictional detective, created by the American mystery writer Rex Stout, who made his debut in 1934. He appeared in 33 novels and 39 short stories from the 1930s to the 1970s, with most of them set in New York City.

Contents

[edit] Character

Stout originally intended Wolfe's age to be 56, at least in the first books[1]. Some descriptions and remarks in the later books show that Stout was allowing his principal characters to age somewhat, although much more slowly than the world they inhabit. The books take place contemporaneously with their writing, however, so that they do depict a changing landscape and society, primarily that of New York City, over the course of 40 years.

Wolfe is is 5'11" tall and is frequently said by the books' narrator to weigh "a seventh of a ton" (about 286 pounds or 130 kg). At the time of the first book, 1934, this was intended to indicate unusual obesity, especially through the use of the word "ton" as the unit of measure. [2] Although capable of normal movement, Wolfe tries to adhere to a policy of never leaving his house for business reasons and seldom for any reason at all. As the British critic Kingsley Amis says, Wolfe "distrust[s] all machines more complicated than a wheelbarrow and [has] to be heavily pressured each time before getting into a car." [3]

Wolfe was born in Montenegro. He is reticent about his youth, but apparently he was athletic, fit, and adventurous. Before World War I, he spied for the Austrian government, but had a change of heart when the war began. He then joined the Montenegrin army and fought against the Austrians and Germans. After a time in Europe and North Africa, he came to the United States.

[edit] Wolfe's staff

Wolfe, who has expensive tastes, lives in a luxurious and extremely comfortable New York City brownstone on West 35th Street not far from the Hudson River. A well-known amateur orchid grower, he has 10,000 plants in the brownstone's roof-top greenhouse and employs three live-in staff to see to his needs:

  • Archie Goodwin, occasionally referred to by the New York newspapers as "Nero Wolfe's legman." Like Wolfe, Archie is a licensed private detective and is expected to handle all investigation that takes place outside the brownstone unless Archie is either too busy, or, as sometimes happens, Wolfe prefers to keep him in the dark. Then freelance operatives employed by Wolfe take over. In most of the Wolfe cases in which they appear, the operatives are Saul Panzer, Fred Durkin, and Orrie Cather. In some of the series' earlier books, Wolfe also uses Bill Gore and Johnny Keems. Archie is also the first-person narrator of the Wolfe adventures. Archie's initial rough edges become smoother across the decades, just as American norms evolved over the years. In the first Wolfe novel, Archie uses a racially offensive term, for which Wolfe chides him, and in Over My Dead Body (1940), Inspector Cramer uses no fewer than six such terms in a single sentence. But by the time that A Right To Die was published in 1964, racial epithets were used only by Stout's criminals, or as evidence of mental defect. Archie's narrative style also evolved over the years as Stout learned more about his characters, and many reviewers and critics regard Archie as the stories' true protagonist. Compared to Wolfe, Goodwin is the man of action: tough, street smart, and hot-blooded. His narrative style is breezy and vivid. Some commentators saw this as a conscious device by Stout to fuse the hard school of Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade with the urbanity of Sherlock Holmes or Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot. In fact, another creation by Stout, the solo operative Tecumseh Fox, who is perhaps a fusion of the best qualities of Wolfe and Goodwin into a single person without Wolfe's collection of idiosyncrasies, is arguably a better and more effective fictional character, as in the novel The Broken Vase. That book, however, was not a commercial success, and only three books featuring Fox were written, one of which was later used as the basis for a Wolfe story at the urging of Stout's publisher.
  • Fritz Brenner, an exceptionally talented Swiss cook who prepares and serves all of Wolfe's meals except those that Wolfe occasionally takes at Rusterman's Restaurant, of which Wolfe became trustee after the death of his friend, and Rusterman's owner, Marko Vukcic. Fritz (by which name he is generally referred to in the stories) also acts as the household's majordomo and butler. In his room, Fritz keeps 289 cookbooks, the head of a wild boar he shot in the Vosges, and a cooking vessel thought to have been used by Julius Caesar's chef, as well as busts of Escoffier and Brillat-Savarin[4].
  • Theodore Horstmann, an orchid expert who assists Wolfe in the plant rooms. In the first Wolfe book, Fer de Lance, Horstmann is described as being an "old man" who yells at Wolfe, who "seemed to have the same effect on Horstmann that an umpire had on John J. McGraw."

[edit] Wolfe's eccentricities

Wolfe has pronounced eccentricities, as well as strict rules concerning his way of life, and their occasional violation adds spice to many of the stories:

  • According to Amis, Wolfe "allow[s] hardly anybody to use [his] first name, keeps[s] television out and read[s] all the time, [and] reacts so little in conversation that an eighth-of-an-inch shake of the head becomes a frenzy of negation." Amis sums up Wolfe as "every man's Tory, a contemporary Dr. Johnson. The original Dr. Johnson was a moralist before everything else, and so at heart is Wolfe."
  • Wolfe asserts that he never conducts business outside the brownstone. This rule is violated, however, in, among several others, Some Buried Caesar, In the Best Families, Immune to Murder, Too Many Detectives, The Next Witness, and Poison à la Carte. He is loath to travel, and clutches the safety strap continually on the rare occasions when Archie drives him somewhere.
  • Wolfe maintains a rigid schedule in the brownstone. After breakfast in his bedroom while wearing yellow pajamas, he is in the plant rooms from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. Lunch is usually at 1:15 p.m. He returns to the plant rooms from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m. Dinner is generally at 7:15 or 7:30 p.m. The remaining hours, 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. to 4 p.m., are available for business, or for reading if there is no pressing business on hand (by Archie's lights, sometime even if there is). Sunday's schedule is more relaxed.
  • Wolfe drinks copious amounts of beer, starting after returning to his office from the plant rooms at 11 a.m., and not ending until bedtime. He carefully collects the bottle caps to track his consumption. In the first book, Fer de Lance, his daily consumption is said to be "six quarts" but that he was considering cutting it back to five quarts. With 32 fluid ounces per quart, this means he was contemplating reducing his consumption from 16 bottles of beer per day to approximately 13.
  • In the course of the stories, Wolfe displays a pronounced, almost pathological, dislike for the company of women. Although some readers interpret this attitude as simple misogyny, various details in the stories, particularly the early ones, suggest it has more to do with an unfortunate encounter in early life with a femme fatale. He not so much dislikes women as their perceived frailties, especially a woman having hysterics — to which he thinks every woman is prone for little or no reason. In an early Wolfe novel Over My Dead Body, we learn that he has a daughter, albeit adopted, who subsequently plays an important role in the 1954 novel The Black Mountain. It is also noted early in the first Wolfe novel that when he goes to sleep there is a gong under Archie's bed in another room that will ring upon any intrusion into, or near, Wolfe's own bedroom: "Wolfe told me once... that he really had no cowardice in him, he only had an intense distaste for being touched by anyone...."
  • In nearly every story, Wolfe solves the mystery by considering both the facts that Archie has brought him and the replies to questions he himself asks of suspects. Wolfe ponders while closing his eyes, leaning back in his chair, breathing deeply and steadily, and pushing his lips in and out. Archie says that during these trances Wolfe reacts to nothing that is going on around him. Archie seldom interrupts Wolfe's thought processes, he says, largely because it is the only time that he can be sure that Wolfe is working.

In 1956, John D. Clark put forth a theory in the Baker Street Journal that Wolfe was the offspring of an affair between Sherlock Holmes and Irene Adler (a character from A Scandal in Bohemia). Clark suggested that the two had had an affair in Montenegro in 1892, and that Nero Wolfe was the result. The idea was later co-opted by William S. Baring-Gould, but there is no evidence that Rex Stout had any such connection in mind. Certainly there is no mention of it in any of the stories. Some commentators, noting both physical and psychological resemblances, suggest Sherlock's brother Mycroft Holmes as a more likely father for Wolfe. There is also a curious coincidence: in the names "Sherlock Holmes" and "Nero Wolfe", the vowels appear in the same order. In 1957 Ellery Queen called this "The Great O-E Theory" and suggested that it derives from the father of mysteries, Poe. [5].

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] Nero Wolfe books by Rex Stout

The Nero Wolfe stories are browsable by title on the Nero Wolfe books page, and most of the individual Nero Wolfe titles are part of the Category:Rex Stout books page (except those written by Robert Goldsborough).

  • Fer-de-Lance (1934) — The first Nero Wolfe mystery and the basis for the 1936 movie Meet Nero Wolfe. The story involves the death of a college president while playing golf in Westchester County, New York. Although the characters are not as fully developed as they would become later in the series, the essential characteristics of Wolfe, Archie, and several other regulars already are clearly present.
  • The League of Frightened Men (1935) — 1937 movie: The League of Frightened Men — An author, Paul Chapin, is on trial for alleged obscenity in his popular novel. Wolfe reads the book, then tells Archie that a potential client had asked Wolfe to arrange to protect him from Chapin. The potential client, along with some classmates at Harvard, had taken part in a hazing incident years before, in which Chapin was crippled. Now some of the "League of Frightened Men" — who chipped in to help Chapin after the accident — have begun dying. It is unclear whether that is through malice or by chance, but the surviving members of the League wish to hire Wolfe to find out. (The prominent American man of letters Edmund Wilson wrote in a review in The New Yorker that the book "makes use of a clever psychological idea.")
  • The Rubber Band (1936) — Archie books two new clients on the same day, and before the day is over Wolfe has to choose which to keep and there are more than 2 crimes to untangle. The client he keeps in the end is a beautiful young woman, but it's Wolfe who reads her Hungarian poetry, not Archie. In the course of this novel, Lieutenant Rowcliffe, not one of the NYPD's finest (in the opinion not only of Wolfe but Cramer), earns Wolfe's enmity that lasts until the final Wolfe novel in 1975.
  • The Red Box (1937) — In the midst of a murder investigation, one of the suspects visits Wolfe and begs Wolfe to handle his estate and especially the contents of a certain red box. Wolfe is at first concerned about a possible conflict of interest, but feels unable to refuse when the man then dies in his office before telling Wolfe where to find the red box. The police naturally think that he told Wolfe somewhat more before dying. Some people feel it is one of the very best Wolfe stories. Edmund Wilson, however, wrote that it was "somewhat padded", was "full of long episodes that led nowhere," and left him with the feeling that he "had to unpack large crates by swallowing the excelsior in order to find at the bottom a few bent and rusty nails."
  • Too Many Cooks (1938) — Wolfe, a knowledgeable gourmet as well as a detective, attends a meeting of great chefs, The Fifteen Masters, at a resort in West Virginia, and jealousies among them soon lead to death. Wolfe sustains his own injury in the course of finding the culprit but also obtains the secret recipe for saucisse minuit.
  • Some Buried Caesar (1938) On the way to an agricultural fair north of Manhattan, Wolfe's car runs into a tree, stranding Wolfe and Archie at the home of the owner of a chain of fast-food cafés. A neighbor is later found gored to death; the authorities rule the death an accident but Wolfe deduces that it was murder. Lily Rowan, Archie's longtime girlfriend, makes her first appearance.
  • Over My Dead Body (1939) This novel and its much later sequel The Black Mountain, have as a background Montenegrin (Yugoslavian) politics[6]
  • Where There's a Will (1940) - Wolfe is initially retained to assist in a will contest, only soon to find himself engaged in investigating a murder.
  • Black Orchids (1942) Book version of two novellas previously published separately: "Black Orchids" and "Cordially Invited To Meet Death."
  • Not Quite Dead Enough (1944) Book version of two novellas previously published separately: "Not Quite Dead Enough" and "Booby Trap" (see below).
  • The Silent Speaker (1946)
  • Too Many Women (1947)
  • And Be a Villain (1948) British title: More Deaths than One. This novel, The Second Confession, and In the Best Families (see below) were later published together in the book Triple Zeck: A Nero Wolfe Omnibus (1974) and concern Nero Wolfe's struggle with Arnold Zeck, an organized crime kingpin.
  • The Second Confession (1949)
  • Trouble in Triplicate (1949)
  • Curtains for Three (1950)
  • In the Best Families (1950) (British: Even in the Best Families)
  • Three Doors to Death (1950) Viking Press edition of three Wolfe stories that had previously appeared in the The American Magazine: "Man Alive", "Omit Flowers", and "Doors to Death" (appearing in the Viking volume under the title Door to Death).
  • Murder by the Book (1951) — A man asks Wolfe to investigate the murder of his daughter in Van Cortlandt Park, which the police have given up on. Before long it becomes clear that an unpublished novel is a nexus of evil linking the dead woman and several other deaths -- and that the murderer is by no means finished killing.
  • Prisoner's Base (1952) (British: Out Goes She)
  • Triple Jeopardy (1952) - collection of three previously published novellas
  • The Golden Spiders (1953) — A squeegie kid, Pete Drossos, tells his neighbor and hero, Nero Wolfe, how he saw a woman being held at gunpoint at a nearby intersection. It isn't long before Pete is murdered and Wolfe investigates his death for a fee of $4.35 that Pete had managed to save from washing windshields.
  • The Black Mountain (1954) — Wolfe's best friend Marko Vukcic is murdered by a Yugoslavian agent who has already made his escape from New York. Wolfe and Archie are therefore obliged to clandestinely go to Yugoslavia in order to avenge his death — which means bringing the killer back to American justice.
  • Three Men Out (1954) - collection of three previously published novellas
  • Before Midnight (1955) — A national literary contest to promote a new brand of perfume leads to murder and more.
  • Might As Well Be Dead (1956) — Wolfe is hired to find a missing person, who soon turns up — under a new name — as a newly convicted murderer in a sensational crime.
  • Three Witnesses (1956) - collection of three previously published novellas
  • If Death Ever Slept (1957)
  • Three for the Chair (1957) A collection of three novellas: "Window for Death", "Immune to Murder", and "Too Many Detectives", each published separately earlier.
  • And Four to Go (1958) — A collection of four novellas, the first three of which are each connected with a holiday. One involves Wolfe leaving home — without Archie even knowing about it until long after it has happened.
  • Champagne for One (1958)
  • Plot It Yourself (1959) (British: Murder in Style)
  • Three at Wolfe's Door (1960)
  • Too Many Clients (1960)
  • The Final Deduction (1961) — In a departure from most other Wolfe books, Wolfe is initially hired to solve a kidnapping, but deaths soon crop up.
  • Gambit (1962)
  • Homicide Trinity (1962) - collection of three previously published novellas
  • The Mother Hunt (1963)
  • A Right To Die (1964)
  • Trio for Blunt Instruments (1964) - collection of three previously published novellas (final novella collection)
  • The Doorbell Rang (1965) — 1977 movie (pilot for TV series): Nero Wolfe
  • Death of a Doxy (1966) — Orrie Cather, one of Wolfe's operatives, has been secretly seeing a wealthy man's kept mistress at her secret lovenest, but is arrested when she turns up dead.
  • The Father Hunt (1968)
  • Death of a Dude (1969)
  • Please Pass the Guilt (1973)
  • A Family Affair (1975) — last Nero Wolfe novel by Rex Stout
  • Death Times Three (1985) Posthumous collection reprinting the 1940 novella "Bitter End" and rewritten versions of two other stories.

[edit] Nero Wolfe novellas or novelettes by Rex Stout

  • "Bitter End" (1940) (rewritten version of what was originally a novel by Stout using Tecumseh Fox, not Nero Wolfe; reprinted in the privately printed Corsage (1977) and later in Death Times Three (1985))
  • "Black Orchids" (1941)
  • "Cordially Invited to Meet Death" (1942)
  • "Not Quite Dead Enough" (1942) — How Archie joined Army Intelligence in WWII and got Wolfe involved in it. This story was later published, along with "Booby Trap" (see below) in an eponymously named book, in which form it is still available today.
  • "Booby Trap" (1944) — Another story about Archie in uniform, this time involving attempts by the munitions industry to bribe Congress in order to steal industrial secrets for use after the war.
  • "Help Wanted, Male" (1945)
  • "Instead of Evidence" (1946)
  • "Before I Die" (1947)
  • "Man Alive" (1947)
  • "Bullet for One" (1948)
  • "Omit Flowers" (1948)
  • "The Gun with Wings" (1949)
  • "Disguise for Murder" (1950)
  • "Door to Death" (1949) First appeared in 1949 in the American Magazine with the title "Doors to Death"; later included in the Viking books Three Doors to Death (1950) (see above) and Five of a Kind: The Third Nero Wolfe Omnibus (1961)
  • "The Cop-Killer" (1951)
  • "Home to Roost" (1951)
  • "Invitation to Murder" (1952)
  • "The Squirt and the Monkey" (1952)
  • "The Zero Clue" (1952)
  • "This Won't Kill You" (1953)
  • "The Next Witness" (1954)
  • "When a Man Murders" (1954)
  • "Die like a Dog" (1955)
  • "Immune to Murder" (1955) — Wolfe is invited by the State Department, at the behest of an ambassador from an oil-rich country, to cook a special meal for him at an oil baron's private retreat in the Adirondacks. This naturally results in a death to investigate — now included in the book Three for the Chair.
  • "Window for Death" (1955)
  • "Christmas Party" (1956)
  • "Easter Parade" (1956)
  • "Too Many Detectives" (1956) — Wolfe and Goodwin are called to Albany, along with other licensed private detectives in New York, when there are complaints about how lax the licensing of detectives in the state is and how the detectives violate the rights of private citizens by tapping their phones — originally published separately but now included in the book Three for the Chair.
  • "Fourth of July Picnic" (1957)
  • "Murder Is No Joke" (1957)
  • "Frame-Up for Murder" (1958)
  • "Method Three for Murder" (1960)
  • "Poison a la Carte" (1960)
  • "The Rodeo Murder" (1960)
  • "Assault on a Brownstone" (1961) — earlier version of "Counterfeit for Murder" (not actually published until 1985)
  • "Counterfeit for Murder" (1961)
  • "Death of a Demon" (1961)
  • "Eeny Meeny Murder Mo" (1961)
  • "Kill Now — Pay Later" (1961)
  • "Blood Will Tell" (1963)
  • "Murder Is Corny" (1963) — Now published as part of the Trio for Blunt Instruments collection.

[edit] An article "by Archie Goodwin"

  • "Why Nero Wolfe Likes Orchids", by Archie Goodwin, Life, April 19, 1963

[edit] Nero Wolfe books by Robert Goldsborough

  • Murder in E-Minor (1986) — 1st Nero Wolfe novel by Robert Goldsborough. Wolfe is brought out of de facto retirement by the death of a man who saved his life 50 years before in Montenegro — against a background of politics at a major symphony orchestra.
  • Death on Deadline (1987) — A deadly fight for control of the narrowly held stock of the New York Gazette, publicizer of many of Wolfe's earlier cases.
  • The Bloodied Ivy (1988) — A novel about academic intrigue combined with the attractions and pitfalls of having dedicated groupies as graduate students.
  • The Last Coincidence (1989) — A novel concerning the fallout of the (alleged) date rape of the niece of Lily Rowan, Archie's girlfriend.
  • Fade to Black (1990) — The second of two Wolfe books about the world of advertising.[7]Fade to Black has, among other things, material about the Cherokee Trail of Tears and a realistic opportunity for the reader to zero in on the likely culprit without any extra info supplied later by Wolfe.
  • Silver Spire (1992) — A novel concerning the politics of a successful televangelism ministry based in Staten Island.
  • The Missing Chapter (1994) — In retrospect, an explicit farewell to Nero Wolfe by Goldsborough: this novel concerns the murder of a mediocre (at best) continuator of a popular detective series.

[edit] "Nero Wolfe" books by John Lescroart

While not mentioning Wolfe by name, it is strongly hinted in these books that the main character, Auguste Lupa, (the son of Sherlock Holmes and Irene Adler) later becomes Nero Wolfe.

  • Son of Holmes (Reissued 2003)
  • Rasputin's Revenge (Reissued 2003)

[edit] Books about Nero Wolfe

[edit] Wolfe in other media

[edit] Cinema

The Nero Wolfe mysteries inspired two feature films in the 1930s. Meet Nero Wolfe (1936) was an adaptation of the first Wolfe novel, "Fer-de-Lance," and starred Edward Arnold as Wolfe and Lionel Stander as Archie Goodwin. The League of Frightened Men (1937), an adaptation of the second Wolfe novel, starred Walter Connolly as Wolfe, with Stander repeating his role as Goodwin. Reviews of these two movies were generally lukewarm, and Rex Stout disliked the way his characters were portrayed. For the rest of his life, he declined to authorize any more Hollywood adaptations.

[edit] Radio

A number of radio series have been made based on the Nero Wolfe stories:

The series The Adventures of Nero Wolfe ran on the NBC Blue/ABC network in 1943-1944, and on MBC from 1945-1946. It was a 30 minute program. J. B. Williams, Santos Ortega, Luis Van Rooten, and Francis X. Bushman played Nero Wolfe. Archie Goodwin was played by Joseph Julian, Louis Vittes, and Elliott Lewis. Jim Bannon and Carl Eastman were the announcers. The music was by Lew White. Travis Wells was the producer. [8]

[edit] Television

Rex Stout, disappointed with the Nero Wolfe movies of the 1930s and unimpressed with television in general, vetoed Nero Wolfe film and TV projects in America until his death in 1975. In 1977, Thayer David, Tom Mason, and Brooke Adams starred in a telemovie based on "The Doorbell Rang." Intended as the pilot episode for a television series that did not eventuate, it was held back for release until 1979 due to the death of Thayer David shortly after filming.

In 1981, William Conrad played Wolfe and Lee Horsley played Goodwin in a short-lived television series.

In 2001, Maury Chaykin (as Wolfe) and Timothy Hutton (as Archie) starred in The Golden Spiders, an A&E telemovie adaptation of the 1953 story of the same name. This led to a series, A Nero Wolfe Mystery, which played for two seasons before being canceled. Both seasons are available on DVD as two boxed sets (the telemovie bundled with the second), and as a single 8-disc thinpack set that combines both.

Hutton had a strong creative hand in the A&E series, producing and directing some episodes. Many fans consider the series the most accurate adaptation of the Wolfe stories ever seen on American television. The episodes followed the plots of the stories closely, but unlike previous Wolfe shows, they were not updated to contemporary times. They were colorful period pieces, set in a somewhat vague past (the 1940s to the early '60s). Whether Rex Stout would have liked this approach or not, the production values were high. Media critics and fans of the books generally had good things to say about the show, but people who had not read the books, especially viewers who knew Wolfe only through the William Conrad series, responded less favorably.

One distinguishing feature of the series was the use of an ensemble cast to play non-recurring characters. The same actor who played the murder victim in one episode might play the murderer in another. Sometimes an actor, using a wig or other such disguise, would play two characters in one episode. Kari Matchett had a recurring role as Archie Goodwin's sometime girlfriend Lily Rowan while frequently playing other characters as well. This was intended to mimic the experience of watching a play put on by a repertory company, as might have been done in the early 20th century.

Between 1969 and 1971, the Italian network RAI broadcast a successful series of black and white telemovies starring Tino Buazzelli (Nero Wolfe), Paolo Ferrari (Archie Goodwin), Pupo De Luca (Fritz Brenner) and Renzo Palmer (Inspector Cramer). Ten episodes of this series are currently (2004) available on DVD.

The German-made mini-series of Too Many Cooks (Zu viele Köche, 1961) has some information available on the Internet Movie database: [1]. Heinz Klevenow starred as Nero Wolfe and Joachim Fuchsberger as Archie Goodwin.

The Russian Wolfe TV movies were made in 2001-2002. The teleplay for the series was written by Vladimir Valutskiy who had previously written the Russian Sherlock Holmes TV series (around 1980). The IMDb link for more information: [2]. Nero Wolfe is played by Donatas Banionis and Archie Goodwin by Sergei Zhigunov.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Memorandum dated 1949 and reprinted in the 1992 Bantam edition of Fer-de-Lance.
  2. ^ In the 1953 book In the Best Families, Wolfe temporarily sheds 117 pounds.
  3. ^ "My Favorite Sleuths", by Kingsley Amis, Playboy, December, 1966
  4. ^ The Doorbell Rang, Chapter 7.
  5. ^ Ellery Queen, In the Queens' Parlor, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1957, pages 4-5
  6. ^ The dissolution of the Turkish and Astro-Hungarian empire created an opporunity for the "South Slavs" (Yugoslavs), previously in separate spheres, to unite in a single country, but over the centuries of separation they had adopted three different religions (Orthodox, Catholic, and Muslim) and there was much intrigue both within the region and instigated by outside powers for control of the area.
  7. ^ The first was Rex Stout's Before Midnight.
  8. ^ Terrace, Vincent [1999]. Radio Programs, 1924-1984:A Catalog of Over 1800 Shows. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0351-9.

[edit] Listen to

[edit] External links

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