Naturism

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Bredene nude beach in Belgium.
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Bredene nude beach in Belgium.

The meanings of naturism and nudism are very similar, and refer to a cultural and political movement practicing, advocating and defending social nudity in private and public spaces.[1] Several other terms ("social nudity", and recently: "clothes-free") have been proposed as a replacement of these terms, but none has yet found the same wide-spread acceptance as the older terms naturism and nudism.[2]

The movement includes a large range of variants including "naturism", "nudism", "Freikörperkultur (FKK)", the "free beach movement" as well as generalized "public lands/public nudity" advocacy. While there is a large amount of shared history and common themes, issues and philosophy, differences between these separate movements are sometimes contentious. The usage of these terms varies geographically; people in the US often prefer the term nudism, while people in Europe more often than not refer to themselves as naturists.[1] The predominant movement centers on established, family-friendly, non-sexualized variations. The inclusion of the "topfree equality" movement within this movement is under debate. Use of the word "clothes free" has also been used when preceding other words as a descriptive term, some arguing that it allows more inclusion of both the naturist and nudist philosophy, which are arguably similar in many regards.[2]

The movement also works in parallel to and sometimes influences and is influenced by popular culture as well as individuals and activists (see clothes free people) as well as organizations (see clothes free organizations).

The entry Issues in Social Nudity, under its "Labels, associations and terminology" heading, makes an attempt at defining the differences between "nudism" and "naturism".

There have been many famous people who practise naturism, such as the inventor Ben Kramer, the gay activist Giovanni Boschetto, professional wrestler Jared Crates, influential politician and extreme racist Kegan Charles, tennis star Cameron Smith and well known eighties rap star Brendan "White Chocolate" Crates.

Contents

[edit] Terminology

A nude woman on a horse.
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A nude woman on a horse.
Nambassa 3 day Festival of New Zealand in 1978.
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Nambassa 3 day Festival of New Zealand in 1978.
  • The terms naturism, nudism and social nudity are generally defined as the practice of going nude, especially in a mixed social setting. The terms naturism and nudism generally also mean that the activities are done in non-sexualized, family-friendly contexts. The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically.[1][3] Those who practice naturism are called naturists, those who practice nudism are called nudists. See also: labels, associations and terminology for an extended discussion and disambiguation.
  • A naturist or nudist community (club, resort or facility) may insist on complete nudity when practical (to ensure that no one feels inappropriately undressed, and other reasons). Some controversy exists on this topic among naturists, with some saying that a resort that is "clothing optional" fails to support naturist values, and others saying that a resort that is "compulsorily nude" is in fact as restrictive as the outside world where nudity is forbidden. Nudist colony is no longer a favored term.
  • The word "naturist" is not to be confused with the word "naturalist". (Likewise "naturism" and naturalism.)
  • Canuding is the act of canoeing in the nude.
  • Clothing compulsive Disallowing or discouraging nudity, thus requiring the wearing of clothes, especially swimsuits, e.g. on beaches, as opposed to toleration of nudity. Can also refer to how a person feels--that they feel compelled to wear clothing. One nick-name for those who support this belief or feel that way is "textiles".
  • Clothes free/clothes-free and clothing free/clothing-free used when preceding other words as a descriptive term is used sometimes by some arguing that it allows more inclusion of both the naturist and nudist philosophy without showing preference or bias to either labels or philosophy.[4] It is also used by others who do not like labels.[2]
  • Clothing optional and nude optional can describe a policy or a venue that allows or encourages nudity but tolerates the wearing of clothes.
  • A cottontail is someone whose buttocks are paler than his or her legs and back, caused by sun tanning while wearing a swimsuit, supposedly making that person, when nude, look somewhat like a bunny with a white tail.
  • A nude beach or free beach is not so much one without an admission cost, but one in which people can be entirely free of wearing their clothes.
  • Freehiking or free hiking is the practice of hiking in the wilderness while nude.
  • Freikörperkultur (FKK) (see article in German) or Free Body Culture is the name for another variant of the general movement in Germany.
  • Gymnophobia is an irrational fear or anxiety about being seen naked, or about seeing others naked.
  • A landed organization is one that owns the real estate for its facilities. Non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, hot springs, landed resorts and rented facilities.
  • Prude is a derogatory term for someone who is too afraid, nervous, or scornful to be nude or partially nude socially or to tolerate others who are.
  • A shaved or smoothie individual is one who shaves off much of his/her body hair. (See acomoclitism).
  • Textile is a nickname for a person who does not practice social nudity. A clothist.
  • Topfree means bare-chested (leaving chest and breasts uncovered), or a place that allows uncovered female and male chests. The term was coined by activists to use instead of the term "topless", which has a negative connotation to some, in part because it is used by strip clubs.

[edit] Disambiguation

See: labels, associations and terminology.

[edit] Philosophy and practice

The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject.
Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

Many people believe that the naked human body is to be accepted, respected, cherished, and enjoyed. They believe it is not inherently shameful, corrupting, degrading, or dangerous. Many of them enjoy clothes free activities. They reject views that being naked with other people is morally wrong (indecent), sexual per se (erotic or pornographic). They argue that nakedness is a healthy, natural state, that being nude is to be in your purest form, since everyone was born nude. They generally find that they quickly become so accustomed to being nude among nudes that it no longer seems very remarkable. It is, rather, simply one part of their lifestyle.

Modern social nudity is mostly a revival of ancient customs and mores, when it was more pervasive throughout the world.[citation needed] Even the Inuit of the Arctic went nude in their igloos. [citation needed] The indigenes of Tierra del Fuego went almost naked under conditions of snow and bitingly cold wind (In Chapter 10 of The Voyage of the Beagle, Charles Darwin commented on the hardiness of these people--[1]). Only a few small, isolated examples today survive of societies which have retained from ancient times a customary life with little or no clothing ever. They are mostly in the Amazon basin, sub-Saharan Africa, and New Guinea. They endure continuing political, economic, and cultural forces which are assimilating some and killing others, often destroying their traditional habitat. See cultural assimilation.

Social nudity in less extreme forms is practiced in many cultures, especially in the contexts of social bathing or swimming, sometimes with mixed sexes. Nude activities can be indoors and outdoors. Typical activities are relaxation, sunbathing and recreation (including many sports). Some also prefer to work nude, etc., when the temperature and the social situation allows it (including when one is alone). A nude party (not to be confused with a sex party) may be public (e.g. Starkers Nightclub) or private. Some clothing-optional communities do exist for those who wish to live in a supportive environment. In fact there are communities under development that even cater specifically to Christians that desire to practice Christian naturism.

Practitioners say that they are not pruriently interested in seeing others naked (which, if for sexual pleasure, is called voyeurism) or in being seen naked by others (likewise: exhibitionism). People participate in clothes free activities for various reasons. Many are convinced that increased exposure to the natural environment, made easier through nudity, can result in numerous health benefits. Sunlight has been shown to be beneficial in some skin conditions and enables the body to make vitamin D, a necessary nutrient.

However, with the increased awareness of skin cancer, wearing of sunblock is now part of the culture, and recently more education has been carried out to warn of the risk. Whereas nudist parents do not require their children to put on clothes before going outside at a clothes free area, most do require them to put on sunscreen lotion. Overall, those who enjoy clothes free activities often claim that they are more relaxed and in a better state of mind when they shed their clothes.

Many people say that being nude in groups makes them feel more accepted for their entire beings--physical, intellectual and emotional. They say that they tend to be more accepted, in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health. Without clothing, one's social rank is generally obscured. They report feeling more united with humanity, with less regard to a person's wealth, position, nationality, race, and sex.

Those inexperienced in social nudity often say that they fear that it contributes to an imbalance of power between men and women. They say that women and children are more vulnerable when nude, and can be exploited. While that might be true in a situation of commercial nudity, such as a strip club, women advocates of social nudity assert the opposite, especially in an established nude group. The men are nude there as well, no money is changing hands, nor is anyone in any sense giving a "performance".

Being around like-minded people can make interpersonal interactions, such as meeting new friends, easier. Many pro-nudity organizations promote frequent social activities. Some of the clubs have stricter entrance requirements than some traditional up-scale 'country clubs', including the requirement to supply references, a sponsoring member, a trial membership, committee approval and/or, due to fears of sex offenders, criminal background checks. At the other end of the spectrum are 'unorganized' clothes free events and activities on public lands where there is nothing to join, no one to pay, and only civil, common and criminal law to serve as rules of etiquette. Many people get their first exposure to the clothes free movement through that kind of informal approach (e.g. a clothing optional beach, a friend's place in the woods, a party on the shore or skinny dipping).

[edit] History of social nudity

[edit] Prehistory

Genetic studies of the human body louse Pediculus humanus, which feeds on the body but lives in and requires clothing, suggests that humans started wearing garments 72,000 years ago +/- 42,000 years. This estimate matches that of the first appearance of physical evidence of clothing-making tools. The species Homo sapiens itself has existed for 200,000 or more years, so there is a strong argument that the 'natural' condition of early humans was nude. Early humans are thought to have been covered in somewhat more body hair than we are today, and preferentially inhabited the warmer areas of the earth. The competitive advantage that clothing gave these early peoples as they expanded into the less hospitable parts of the globe was a strong driver for its widespread adoption. In tropical conditions however, the human body does not physically require clothing and it continues as more a social convention than as a biological necessity.

[edit] Historical era

Ancient cultures (the Greeks and the Romans for example) sometimes had quite different attitudes toward the unclothed human body than are common today. In fact, the word "gymnasium" comes from the Greek word "gymnos", meaning "nude," because athletics in Greece was routinely practiced naked by its participants.

Nudity taboos may have developed simply because people got accustomed to wearing clothes for practical reasons, as in temperate or desert climates. Perhaps it became a habit, was culturally ingrained, and was elevated to a requirement.

Feminist theory, however, generally links the historic and pre-historic development of body "modesty" to the subjugation of women. In patriarchal societies, it is often the men who most desire to cover the women, ostensibly to protect the women, but, according to the theory, it is more to keep a woman from developing relationships without the approval of her father or husband. An alternative formulation of this theory is that hiding women's bodies (or at least a given society's selection of "erogenous zones") keeps the ardor of unauthorized males at bay. Women may feel that this protection, whether or not it is really meaningful, has value.

Objections to being nude are often religiously motivated, even when that idea started as a cultural taboo, as in the previous two paragraphs. Many peoples around the world started wearing clothes only after missionaries argued that it is more civilized. However, there are many religiously devout nudists who attend worship services regularly. They argue that they do not need to shed their morals with their clothes.

The Adamites, a Gnostic sect, practiced religious nudism.

Another religious sect, the Doukhobors, migrated from Russia to western Canada. They practise or practised occasional nudity, such as while working in the farm fields. One of the three subdivisions of Doukhobors, the Freedomites, went so far in the 1900s as to publicly strip in mass public demonstrations to protest government policies which were meant to assimilate them (see documentary Spirit Wrestlers below in references or in reading).

One of the two main divisions of the Jain religion of India is "skyclad", or naked, though generally it is practised by the males.

Although there is no well-defined date in Western society when it became unacceptable to be seen nude in public, the era of Queen Victoria certainly ended whatever remained of it, with nothing emerging until after her death in 1901.

[edit] The spread of philosophy and the rise of formal communities
Tambaba: nude beach in Brazil
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Tambaba: nude beach in Brazil

The earliest known naturist club in the "western" sense of the word was established in British India in 1891. It was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower, who was a District and Sessions Judge for the Bombay Civil Service at Thana. Evidence for its existence is only known by a few letters he sent to friends, and the club reportedly closed in 1892.

In the early 1900s, a series of philosophical papers was published in Germany that examined the negative psychological effect of self-hate of the body based on both religious and severely negative community views. The basic position that the human body, in and of itself, was neither sinful nor obscene was combined with a new philosophy to create the modern Western nudist movement. The proposition was advanced that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh air bathing, and then adding the nudist philosophy, contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view. The wide publication of those papers contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism, in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude.

The first known organized club for nudists, Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park), was opened near Hamburg in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman. About the same time, another German, Dr. Heinrich Pudor, wrote a book titled Nacktcultur, which discussed the benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing.

The nudist movement gained prominence in Germany in the 1920s, but was suppressed during the Nazi Gleichschaltung after Adolf Hitler came to power. The state-controlled leisure organization of the Nazis, Kraft durch Freude, refused to recognize it. However, it was later discovered that Luftwaffe (Air Force) head Hermann Göring had single-handedly written his own strict anti-nudity views into the Gleichschaltung, thereby imposing his views on everyone. (He had been one of its main authors.) Many in the Nazi party thought he had gone too far, so after nearly a decade, the rules were eventually softened in July 1942.[5] Nevertheless, all naturism clubs had to register with Kraft durch Freude, which meant excluding Jews and Communists. Also, they had to keep all activities well out in the countryside so there would be virtually no chance of being seen by others.

After the war, East Germans enjoyed nudism as one the few freedoms they had under the communist government, chiefly at beaches rather than clubs (private organizations being regarded as potentially subversive by the regime). It quickly rebounded in the West also, and today, united Germany has many clubs, parks and beaches for nudism. Since German reunification, however, nudity is said to have become rare at some locations in the former eastern zone. Vacationing in Mediterranean France at the large Cap d'Agde resort also became popular for Germans when it opened in the late 1960s, and Germans are typically the most commonly-seen foreigners at nude beaches all around Europe.

Photo by "Nambassa Trust and Peter Terry"
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Photo by "Nambassa Trust and Peter Terry"

In the United Kingdom, the first nudist club was established in Wickford, Essex in 1924. According to Michael Farrar writing for British Naturism the club adopted the name "Moonella Group" from the name of the owner of the ground, Moonella, and called its site The Camp. Moonella, who was still living in 1965 but whose identity remains to be discovered, had inherited a house with land in 1923 and made it available to certain members of the New Gymnosophy Society. This Society had been founded a few years before by H.C. Booth, M.H. Sorensen and Rex Wellbye under the name of the English Gymnosophical Society. It met for discussions at the Minerva Cafe at 144 High Holborn in London, the headquarters of the Women's Freedom League. Those who were permitted to join the Moonella Group were carefully selected, and the club was run by an "aristocracy" of the original members, all of whom had "club names" to preserve their anonymity.

By 1943 there were a number of these so-called "sun clubs" and together they formed the British Sunbathers Association or BSBA. In 1954 a group of clubs unhappy with the way the BSBA was being run split off to form the Federation of British Sun Clubs or FBSC. These two organisations rivalled each other for a while before eventually coming together again in 1964 as the Central Council for British Naturism or CCBN. This organisation has remained much the same but is now more commonly known simply as British Naturism or BN.

In the United States, German immigrant Kurt Barthel organized the first nudist event in 1929 in the woods just outside of New York City (NYC) and founded the American League for Physical Culture (ALPC). Social nudism in the form of private clubs and campgrounds began appearing in the 1930s. In 1931, according to a history, a Baptist minister named Ilsley Boone was elected vice president of the ALPC and gained the nickname "The Dictator."[6] He also began the American Sunbathing Association (ASA), which, according to a decision in Roberts v. Clement, posted on the Naturist Education Foundation site, was organized in 1939 as a successor to the ALPC.[7] Boone created his idea of a family atmosphere by prohibiting alcohol at all member clubs. According to the Federation of Canadian Naturists history and the Lupin Naturist Club history, Boone was toppled in 1951 by members dissatisfied with his autocratic style.[8] [9] This, together with Boone's desire to open a new club closer to NYC than others had wanted, led him to form the National Nudist Council.

Elsewhere in the USA, a 1935 advertisement claims Sea Island Sanctuary, South Carolina, was the "largest and oldest" resort where nudism could be practiced year-round. Rock Lodge Club, in Stockholm, New Jersey, about 40 miles (65 km) from New York City, started in 1932 and is still in operation today. Nudism first began appearing on the west coast of the U.S. and Canada about 1939. In that year, the first club in Canada, the Van Tan Club, formed and continues today in North Vancouver, BC. Kaniksu Ranch, about 45 miles (70 km) north of Spokane, Washington, opened the same year and is still in operation.

In 1995, the ASA renamed itself, becoming the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR).

In 1980 The Naturist Society (TNS) was founded by Lee Baxandall as a successor to the Free Beach Movement. The emphasis of TNS is on nudity in public locations rather than on private premises.

In Canada, individuals around the country became interested in nudism, skinny-dipping, and physical culture in the early part of the 20th century. After 1940 they had their own Canadian magazine, Sunbathing & Health, which occasionally carried local news. Canadians had scattered groups in several cities during the 1930s and 1940s, and some of these groups attracted enough interest to form clubs on private land. The most significant clubs were the Van Tan Club and, in Ontario, the Sun Air Club.

Canadians who served in the military during the Second World War met like-minded souls from across the country, and often visited clubs while in Europe. They were a ready pool of recruits for post-war organizers. A few years later the wave of post-war immigration brought many Europeans with their own extensive experience, and they not only swelled the ranks of membership, but often formed their own clubs, helping to expand nudism from coast to coast.

Most of those clubs united in the Canadian Sunbathing Association, which affiliated with the American Sunbathing Association in 1954. Several disagreements between eastern and western members of the CSA resulted in the breakup of CSA into the Western Canadian Sunbathing Association (WCSA) and the Eastern Canadian Sunbathing Association (ECSA) in 1960. The ECSA endured much in-fighting over the next decade and a half, leading to its official demise in 1978. The WCSA continues today as the Western Canadian Association for Nude Recreation (WCANR), a region of the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR) which itself was formerly known as the ASA.

In 1977 the Fédération québécoise de naturisme (FQN) was founded in Québec. In 1986 the Federation of Canadian Naturists (FCN) was formed with the support of the FQN. The FQN and FCN joined to be the official Canadian representatives in the International Naturist Federation (INF).

[edit] Issues in social nudity

See Issues in social nudity

Social nudity is nudity in private and public spaces. It is sometimes controversial for addressing, challenging and exploring a myriad of sometimes taboo subjects, stereotypes and mores relating to the nude appearance of the human body, mixed gender nudity, personal space, human sexuality, gymnophobia, modesty, physical attractiveness, vanity, objectification, exploitation and consent.

[edit] Politics

  • The Sex Party of British Columbia (Canada) promotes normalization of all parts of the human body and destigmatizing human sexual organs. It would pass legislation requiring all public parks and beaches larger than one hectare to designate areas reserved for nudists.
  • The Dutch party Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en Diversiteit would pass legislation to make public nudity legal everywhere, provided that a towel is used when sitting on a public bench.
  • The Naturist Lifestyle Party in NSW, Australia "aims to bring naturism fully into the public eye, with view to getting an equitable allocation of public resources to those who support the naturist lifestyle".

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c In his book, Cinema Au Naturel (Introduction on page 11), author Mark Storey states notes "two related terms that we will continually run across are nudist and naturist. Although the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical, they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other. In America people who believe that it is physically, socially, emotionally, and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as "nudists". In Europe such people more often than not refer to themselves as "naturists."
  2. ^ a b c ClothesFree International, Inc. changed its name in January 2006 from its former name, The International Naturist Association. The corporation listed three reasons for the change. One of the reasons given was "some people don't like being labeled." They explain "just like a person who periodically works in their garden might not want to be labeled a "gardener", the words "Clothes Free" doesn't label the person as does the word "nudist" or “naturist”. "Clothes Free" is catching on as the new friendly replacement to "nudist". Many resorts are now calling themselves clothes free resorts instead of nudist resorts. The words "Clothes Free" points at the clothes that are gone, instead of pointing at, or labeling the person." Despite the claim that some that the organizations is trying to stop use of the word naturism and nudity they say "we fully support and belong to great organizations like The Naturist Society (TNS), The American Association for Nude Recreation, Federation of Canadian Naturists, and the International Naturist Federation."
  3. ^ Presently, Mark Storey is authoring an article detailing historical use of the terms naturism and nudism and how they differ between different cultures, countries, and time periods in history. In a telephone interview by Daniel Johnson on 15 Apr 2006 with Storey he stated that "a draft of the piece was posted on the "References" page of the The Naturist Society web site for a few weeks". At the time of its former release in October 2004 it was titled Naturism, Nudism, or Nameless? A History of Terms He is planning on publishing a revised article as soon as additional information and errors are corrected.
  4. ^ Use of the words clothes free is documented on the following websites: Sea Mountain Resort, Mystic Oaks, White Tail Park, Wai-natur Naturist Park, Bare Necessities Tour and Travel, Bell Acres Resort, Sunsport Gardens, Bare Buns Family Nudist Club, Joe and Natalie's Naked Page Body Freedom Collaborative (BFC) mission statement page,The Terra Cotta Inn Resort and Spa, World Naked Bike Ride London, World Naked Bike Ride 2005 Report for Portland.
  5. ^ Freikörperkultur Geschichte
  6. ^ The History of Social Nudism - Nudist History
  7. ^ Roberts v. Clement
  8. ^ History of Naturism
  9. ^ Body Acceptance: A Brief History of Social Nudity

[edit] References

  • Story, Marilyn (Sept. 1984) "Comparisons of Body Self-Concept between Social Nudists & Nonnudists" Journal of Psychology 118
  • Story, Marilyn (1979) "Factors Associated w/More Positive Body Self-Concepts in Preschool children" Jour. of Social Psychology 108 49-56 56
  • Story, Marilyn (May 1987) "A Comparison of Social Nudists & Non-nudists on Experience w/Various Sexual Outlets" Journ. of Sex Research 23 No. 2 p197-211,
  • Robin Lewis & Louis Janda (1988) "The Relationship Between Adult Sexual Adjustment & Childhood Experiences Regarding Exposure to Nudity, Sleeping in the Parental Bed, Parental Attitudes Toward Sexuality" Arch. of Sexual Behavior 17 No.4
  • Mary S. Calderone, M.D. (1981) in "The Family Book About Sexuality" ISBN 0-397-01377-9
  • Information from Being and Nakedness "Disorganized nudity" by Charles Daney
  • Nude & Natural (N), Beyond Safe Havens: Oregon's Terri Sue Webb, By Daniel Johnson Issue 21.3, Spring 2002 [2].

[edit] Further reading

[edit] See also

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