Napa River Flood Project
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The Napa River-Napa Creek Flood Protection Project is a Civil Works project of the US Army Corps of Engineers in the city of Napa, California. The Project area includes some 6 miles of the Napa River from the Butler Bridge on California State Route 29 on the south to Trancas Street on the north. This section is the upper reach of the estuary portion of the Napa River and as such is tidally influenced. The Project also includes improvements to 1 mile of Napa Creek, the primary tributary to the Napa River. The project is cited as a new way of thinking about flood control due to its "living river" principles.
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[edit] History of Napa River Flooding
The Napa River runs some 55 miles from Mt. St. Helena to San Pablo Bay and drains a watershed of about 426 square miles.[1] The River is prone to seasonal flooding from November through April each year. Flooding that threatens lives and property occurs from the city of St. Helena south through the City of Napa. Recorded history indicates there have been at least 22 serious floods on the Napa River since 1865. The most serious recent floods occured in 2005, 1997, 1995, and 1986.[2]
[edit] Process of Project Approval
The US Congress authorized a flood protection project in the City of Napa in 1965 but no funding was provided. Needing matching funds at the local level to gain federal funding, local officials attempted to gain voter support twice in the 1970s but tax measures failed. A severe flood in 1986 regenerated interest and the Corps of Engineers was petitioned to reactivate the project. Nine years later the Corps of Engineers design was presented to the local sponsor, the Napa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District. This design was not well received, as it relied on traditional flood control measures including straightening the main channel and constructing high floodwalls. Napa City Councilmember Cindy Watter described the COE design as a "gulag." Environmental organizations and regulatory agencies were concerned that the proposed project would increase sediment transport and negatively impact native species, including the anadromous steelhead trout. Locals were concerned that the project would reduce access to the river for recreation and inhibit economic development. [3]
[edit] The Community Coalition
Local politicians and interest groups could not support the COE design as presented. Rather than submit it to voters for certain defeat, an ad hoc Community Coaliation formed with the intent of re-working the design into a project with a chance of success. With the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Napa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District hoping to find a workable solutiuon, a series of meetings involving some 25 agencies and 400 individuals took place over a two-year span. Groups taking key roles in the Community Coalition included Friends of the Napa River, Napa Valley Economic Development Corporation, Napa County Resource Conservation District, Napa Chamber of Commerce, California Department of Fish and Game, Sierra Club, Napa Downtown Merchants, and the Flood Plain Business Coalition (also known as the "Red Zone Rangers.") After a prolonged period of design and redesign, a new local sales tax measure was presented to the voters in March 1998. Needing two-thirds support, the measure passed by a margin of 308 votes out of more than 27,000 ballots cast.[4]
[edit] Living River Principles
Major objectives of the living river design include reconnecting the river to its historic flood plain, maintaining the natural slope and width of the river, allowing the river to meander as much as possible, retaining natural channel features like mud flats, shallows and sandbars, and supporting a continuous fish and riparian corridor along the river. [5]
[edit] How it works
The average annual flow of the Napa River is about 1,300 cubic feet per second (cfs) through the populated center of the City of Napa. During a 100-year flood, the flow increases to an estimated 41,000 to 46,000 cfs. That is equivalent to about 20 million gallons of water per minute. The Napa River-Napa Creek Flood Protection Project employs a combination of traditional and innovative approaches to reduce the flooding threat. In the downstream project area, dikes have been removed and tidal marshalands have been restored; bridges have been replaced to remove obstacles to water flow; riverbank terracing has been done to provide more room for large volumes of water; a dry bypass channel will be excavated to create a shortcut for fast moving floodwaters to pass through the Oxbow area; new dikes, levees and floodwalls will be built; bank stabilization will be used in specific areas; and detention basins and pump stations will be accommodate runoff behind the floodwalls.
[edit] Awards
The Napa River-Napa Creek Flood Protection Project has received numerous awards including: 1998 American Institute of Architects Award 1998 American Institute of Landscape Architects Award 1998 California League of Cities Helen Putnam Award 1999 Outstanding Comprehensive Conservation and Managemment Plan Implementation Project Award from the San Francisco Bay State Estuary Conference 1999 Governor's Environmental and Economic Leadership Award from the California EPA 2004 Proclamation of Appreciation from the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region[6]
Source: Napa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District http://www.napaflooddistrict.org
