Nakajima Kikka
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Kikka | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Type | Attack aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Nakajima |
| Designed by | Kazuo Ohno and Kenichi Matsumura |
| Maiden flight | August 7 1945 |
The Nakajima Kikka (Japanese: 中島 橘花, "Orange Blossom") was Japan's first jet-powered aircraft. It was developed late in World War II and the first prototype had only flown once before the end of the conflict.
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[edit] Development
After the Japanese military attaché in Germany witnessed trials of the Messerschmitt Me 262 in 1944, the Imperial Japanese Navy issued a request to Nakajima to develop a similar aircraft to be used as a fast attack bomber. Among the specifications for the design were the requirements that it should be able to be built largely by unskilled labour, and that the wings should be foldable. This latter feature was to enable the aircraft to be hidden in caves and tunnels around Japan as the Navy began to prepare for the defence of the home islands. Nakajima designers Kazuo Ohno and Kenichi Matsumura laid out an aircraft that bore a strong but superficial resemblance to the Me 262.
The Kikka was designed in preliminary form to use the Tsu-11, a very crude jet engine that was little more than a ducted fan with an afterburner. Subsequent designs were planned around the Ne-10 (TR-10) centrifugal-flow turbojet, and the Ne-12, which added a four-stage axial compressor to the front of the Ne-10. Tests of this powerplant soon revealed that it would not produce anywhere near the power required to propel the aircraft, and the project was temporarily stalled. It was then decided to produce a new axial-flow turbojet based on the German BMW 003. Development was troublesome, based on little more than photographs and a cut-away drawing, but a suitable unit, the Ishikawajima Ne-20, was finally built. By Summer 1945, the Kikka project was making progress once again and at this stage, reflecting the deteriorating war situation, the Navy changed the role of the aircraft to "special attacker", the term reserved for kamikaze weapons.
Compared to the Me-262, the Kikka airframe was noticeably smaller and more conventional in design, with straight (rather than swept) wings and tail surfaces. The triangular cross-section characteristic of the German design was less pronounced, due to smaller fuel tanks. The main landing gear of the Kikka were taken from the Mitsubishi Zero and the nose wheel from the tail of a Yokosuka P1Y bomber.
The first prototype commenced ground tests at the Nakajima factory on June 30 1945. The following month it was dismantled and delivered to Kisarazu Naval Airfield where it was re-assembled and prepared for flight testing. The first flight took place on August 7 1945, with Lt Cdr Susumu Takaoka at the controls. The aircraft performed well during a 20 minute test flight, with the only concern being the length of the take-off run. For the second test-flight, four days later, rocket assisted take off (RATO) units were fitted to the aircraft. However, because their alignment had been miscalculated, the pilot mistakenly believed that they had not fired and thus shut off the main engines to abort take-off. As a result the aircraft did not take off at all and was damaged when it ran off the end of the runway. Before it could be repaired Japan had surrendered and the war was over.
At this point the second prototype was close to completion, and between eighteen and twenty-five more airframes were under construction. One of these was a two-seat trainer. Other follow-on versions proposed had included a reconnaissance aircraft, and a fighter armed with two 30 mm cannons. These were expected to be powered by more advanced developments of the Ne-20, designated Ne-130 and Ne-330.
[edit] Postwar
After the war, a Kikka was taken to the United States, for analysis, to the Patuxent River Naval Air Base, Maryland. It is now housed in the National Air and Space Museum. This aircraft is very incomplete and is believed to have been patched together from a variety of semi-completed airframes.
It also emerged very recently (October 2005) that two Ne-20 jet engines had been taken to the US and sent for analysis to the Chrysler Corporation in 1946. This was revealed by W.I. Chapman, who was in charge of the project at the time. A working engine was assembled with the parts of the two Ne-20s, and extensively tested for 11 hours and 46 minutes. A report was issued on April 7 1947, titled "Japanese NE-20 turbo jet engine. Construction and performance". The document is now on display at the Tokyo National Science Museum.
[edit] Variants
Nakajima Aircraft Company developed some variants of these aircraft:
[edit] Jet Interceptor model
Estimated data about this development:
Proposed developments: (equivalents to Me 262 A-1a fighter type)
- Nakajima "Kikka" Turbojet Interceptor Basic version
- Length : 11.50 m
- Wing Span : 13.70 m
- Height : 4.05 m
- Wing Area : 25.0 m²
- All-Up Weight : 7,000 kg
- Empty Weight : 4,500 kg
- Engine : 2 x Ishikawajima Ne-130 Turbojet, 908 kgf (8.90 kN) or Nakajima Ne-230 *Turbojet, 885 kgf (8.68 kN)
- Max Speed : 852 km/h (Ne-130), 812 km/h (Ne-230)
- Range : 980 km
- Service Ceiling : 12,000+ m
- Crew : 1
- Armament: (only interceptor variant)
- 30 mm Ho155-II Machine Gun x 2 or 20 mm Ho5 Machine Gun x 2 (for Navy)
- - if the regular version, equal to Nakajima Ki-201 "Karyuu" Army Interceptor jet fighter
[edit] Jet interceptor modifications
There is only incomplete information on this variant. There were three projects in development for a Kikka Interceptor in May 1945.
1st and 2nd projects were essentially similar
- Specification
- Crew : 1
- Length : 9.25 m
- Wing span : 10.00 m
- Height : 3.05 m
- Wing area : 13.21 m²
- Weight
- Fully laded: 4,152 kg
- Empty : 3,920 kg
- Powerplant: 2 x Ishikawajima Ne20-Kai Turbojet, 618 kgf (6.06 kN)
with 2 x "Type 4" 1-Go Model 20 Rocket (800 kg thrust) for RATO
- Armament : 30mm Type 5 Machine Gun x 1
- Performance
- Max Speed : 700 km/h at altitude of 6,000 m
- Max Range : 609 km at altitude of 6,000 m
- Service Ceiling : 12,100 m
The 3rd project had modified flaps and a different "extended" wing data as above but:
-
- Wing area : 14.52 m²
- Maximum speed : 685 km/h at altitude of 6,000 m
- Maximum range : 594 km at altitude of 6,000 m
- Service ceiling : 12,300 m
[edit] Jet Fighter/Bomber model
Estimated data about this development:
Proposed developments (equivalent to Me 262 A-2a fighter/bomber type)
- Nakajima "Kikka" Turbojet Fighter/Bomber version
- Length : 11.50 m
- Wing Span : 13.70 m
- Height : 4.05 m
- Wing Area : 25.0 m²
- All-Up Weight : 7,000 kg
- Empty Weight : 4,500 kg
- Engine : 2 x Ishikawajima Ne-130 Turbojet, 908 kgf (8.90 kN) or Nakajima Ne-230 *Turbojet, 885 kgf (8.68 kN)
- Max Speed : 852 km/h (Ne-130), 812 km/h (Ne-230)
- Range : 980 km
- Service Ceiling : 12,000+ m
- Crew : 1
- Armament : (only fighter bomber variant)
- 30 mm Ho155-II Machine Gun x 2 or 20 mm Ho5 Machine Gun x 2 (for Navy)
- single 500 kg or 800 kg bomb
[edit] Jet Trainer model
A tandem two seat trainer version was proposed to be equivalent to the Me 262 B-1a trainer, called the Nakajima "Kikka" Turbojet Operative Trainer
- Specification
- Crew: 2
- Length : 9.25 m
- Wing span : 10.00 m
- Height: 3.05 m
- Wing Area : 13.21 m²
- All-Up Weight : 4,009 kg
- Powerplant : 2 x Ishikawajima Ne20-kai Turbojet, 618 kgf (6.06 kN)
with 2 Type4 1-Go Model 20 Rocket of 800 kg each
- Performance
- Max Speed : 722 km/h (Altitude: 6,000 m)
- Max Range : 667 km (Altitude: 6,000 m)
[edit] Jet Special Attacker (Kamikaze) models
This was a proposed "Special Attack Project" existing only in plan form as the Nakajima Kikka Prototype Turbojet Special Attacker (or "Type 20 Special Attacker Kikka)
- Crew : 1
- Length : 9.25 m
- Wing Span : 10.00 m
- Height : 3.05 m
- Wing Area : 13.21 m²
- All-Up Weight : 3,550 kg
- Empty Weight : 2,300 kg
- Engine : 2 x Ishikawajima Ne20 Turbojet, 475 kgf (4.66 kN)
with two Type4 1-Go Model20 Rockets of 800 kg - Max Speed : 677 km/h (Altitude: 6,000 m)
- Max Range : 584 km (Altitude: 6,000 m)
- Service Ceiling : 10,700 m
- Armament: single 500 kg or 250 kg bomb
There was also a modified version of the design to be launched from a 200 m long catpult, the "Nakajima Kikka-kai Prototype Turbojet Special Attacker". This differed in having a projected total weight of 4,080 kg and a maximum speed of 687 km/h at 6,000 m.
[edit] Specifications ()
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 8.13 m (26 ft 8 in)
- Wingspan: 10.00 m (32 ft 10 in)
- Height: 2.95 m (9' 9")
- Wing area: 13.2 m² (142ft²)
- Empty weight: 2,300 kg (5,071 lb)
- Loaded weight: 3,507 kg (7,716 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 4,088 kg (8,995 lb)
- Powerplant: 2× Ne-20 turbojets, 9.4 kN (2,094 lbf) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 695 km/h (433 mph)
- Range: 937 km (586 miles)
- Service ceiling: 12,303 m (39,370 ft)
- Rate of climb: 387 m/min (1,237 ft/min)
Armament
1x 250 kg, 500 kg, or 1,000 kg bombs
[edit] Related content
Comparable aircraft
- Messerschmitt Me 262 - The world's first operational jet fighter.
- Gloster Meteor - The first Allied operational jet fighter.
- Bell P-59A
- Sukhoi Su-9
See also
- Heinkel He 178 - world's first turbojet aircraft.
- Heinkel He 280 - first turbojet-powered fighter design
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- 「秋水」と日本陸海軍ジェット、ロケット機, Model Art Co. Ltd., 1998. Edited by Takeo Yamashita
[edit] External links
- http://www.ijnafpics.com/jbwkikka1.htm
- http://www.ijnafpics.com/jbwkikka2.htm
- http://www.j-aircraft.org/xplanes/hikoki_files/kikka.html
