Munshi Premchand
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Munshi Premchand (July 31, 1880-October 8, 1936) (pen name: Premchand) was one of the greatest literary figures of modern Hindi and Urdu literature.
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[edit] Biography
Premchand (Hindi: प्रेमचंद, Urdu: پریمچںد) was born Dhanpat Rai Srivastava in Lamahi near Varanasi where his father was a clerk in the post office. Premchand's parents died young - his mother when he was seven and his father while he was fourteen and still a student. Premchand was left responsible for his step-mother and step-siblings.
Early in life, Premchand faced immense poverty. He earned five rupees a month tutoring a lawyer's child. Premchand passed his matriculation exam with great effort and took up a teaching position, with a monthly salary of eighteen rupees. Later, Premchand worked as the deputy sub-inspector of schools in what was then the United Provinces.
In 1910, he was hauled up by the District Magistrate in Jamirpur for his anthology of short stories Soz-e-Watan (Dirge of the Nation), which was labelled seditious. The first story of the anthology was Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan (The Most Precious Jewel in the World), which according to him was "the last drop of blood shed in the cause of the country's freedom". All the copies of Soz-e-Watan were confiscated and burnt. He changed his pen name to "Premchand" after this ban.
Initially Premchand wrote in Urdu under the name of Nawabrai. However, when his novel Soz-e-Watan was confiscated by the British, he started writing under the pseudonym Premchand. Before Premchand, Hindi literature consisted mainly of fantasy or religious works. Premchand brought realism to Hindi literature. He wrote over 300 stories, a dozen novels and two plays. The stories have been compiled and published as Maansarovar.
In 1921, he answered Mahatma Gandhi's call and resigned from his government job. Then he worked as the proprietor of a printing press, editor of literary and political journals (Jagaran and Hans). Briefly, he also worked as the script writer for the Bombay film world. He didn't think much of the film world and once remarked about film Mazdoor (The Labourer)- "The director is the all in all in cinema. The writer may be the king of his pen, but he is an ordinary subject in the director's empire...Idealism creeps into the plots I conceive and I am told there is no entertainment value in them."
Premchand's first marriage was a disaster. The second time, he married a child widow, Shivarani Devi, which was a considered a sin in India at that time. Premchand had three children - Sripat Rai, Amrit Rai and Kamla Devi Srivastava.
Premchand lived a life of financial struggle. Once he took a loan of two-and-a-half rupees to buy some clothes. He had to struggle for three years to pay it back.
When asked why he doesn't write anything about himself, he answered: "What greatness do I have that I have to tell anyone about? I live just like millions of people in this country; I am ordinary. My life is also ordinary. I am a poor school teacher suffering family travails. During my whole lifetime, I have been grinding away with the hope that I could become free of my sufferings. But I have not been able to free myself from suffering. What is so special about this life that needs to be told to anybody?".
[edit] Writing style
The main characteristic of Premchand's writings is his interesting story-telling and use of simple language. His novels describe the problems of the urban middle-class. He avoided the use of highly Sanskritized Hindi (as was the common practice among Hindi writers), but rather he used the dialect of the common people.
Premchand called literature a work that expresses the truths and experiences of life impressively. Presiding over the Progressive Writers' Conference in Lucknow in 1936, he said that attaching the word "Progressive" to writer was redundant, because "A writer or an artist is progressive by nature, if this was not his/her nature, he/she would not be a writer at all."
Before Premchand, Hindi literature was confined to the raja-rani (king and queen) tales, the stories of magical powers and other such escapist fantasies. It was flying in the sky of fantasy, until Premchand brought it on the grounds of reality. Premchand wrote on the realistic issues of the day - communalism, corruption, zamindari, debt, poverty, colonialism etc.
Some criticize Premchand's writings as full of too many deaths and too much of misery. They believe Premchand does not stand anywhere near contemporary literary giants of India - Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay and Rabindranath Tagore. But it should be noted, that many of Premchand's stories were influenced by his own experiences with poverty and misery. His stories represented the ordinary Indian people as they were, without any embellishments. Unlike many other contemporary writers, his works didn't have any "hero" or "Mr. Nice" - they described people as they are.
Premchand was a contemporary of some other literary giants of that era like Acharya Ram Chandra Shukla and Jaishankar Prasad.
[edit] Films based on Premchand's work
Satyajit Ray filmed two of Premchand's works — Sadgati and Shatranj Ke Khiladi. Sadgati (Salvation) is a short story revolving around poor Dukhi, who gets exhausted to death while hewing wood for a paltry favor. Shatranj ke Khiladi (The Chess Players) revolved around the decadence of nawabi Lucknow, where the obsession with a game consumes the players, making them oblivious of their responsibilities in the midst of a crisis.
Sevasadan (first published in 1918) was made into a film with M.S. Subbulakshmi in the lead role. The novel is set in Varanasi, the holy city of Hindus. Sevasadan ("House of Service") is an institute built for the daughters of courtesans. The lead of the novel is a beautiful, intelligent and talented girl called Suman. She belongs to high caste. She is married to a much older, tyrannical man. She realizes that marriage is just like prostitution except that there is only one client. Bholi, a courtesan, lives opposite Suman. Suman realizes that Bholi is "outside purdah", while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her husband and becomes a successful entertainer of gentlemen. But after a brief period of success, she ends up as a victim of a political drama played out by self-righteous Hindu social reformers and moralists.
He has also worked with the film director Himanshu Rai of Bombay Talkies, one of the founders of Bollywood.
Films and TV serials
- Sadgati (1981) (TV) (story)
... aka Deliverance
- Shatranj Ke Khilari (1977) (story) (as Premchand)
... aka The Chess Players
- Godhuli (1977) (novel)
... aka Tabbaliyu Neenade Magane
- Oka Oori Katha (1977) (novel)
... aka The Marginal Ones (International: English title) ... aka The Outsiders
- Gaban (1966) (story)
- Godaan (1963) (story)
- Seva Sadan (1938) (novel Bazaar-e-Husn)
- Mazdoor (1934) (novel)
... aka The Mill
[edit] Literary works
Premchand has written about 300 short stories, several novels as well as many essays and letters. He has also written some plays. He also did some translations. Many of Premchand's stories have been translated into English and Russian.
Many readers consider Godaan (The Gift of a Cow), his last novel, as his best. The protagonist, Hori, a poor peasant, desperately longs for a cow, a symbol of wealth and prestige in rural India. Hori gets a cow but pays with his life for it. After his death, the village priests demand a cow from his widow to bring his soul to peace.
In Kafan (Shroud), a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife, but spends it on food and drink.
[edit] Famous stories
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This page contains Indic text. Without rendering support, you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More... |
- Panch Parameshvar (पंच परमेश्वर پںچ پرمیشور)
- Idgah (ईदगाह اِیدگاہ)
- Nashaa (नशा نشا)
- Shatranj ke khiladi (शतरंज के ख़िलाडी شترںج کے خِلاڈی) (The chess players)
- Poos ki raat (पूस की रात پُوس کی رات)
- Atmaram (आत्माराम آتمارام)
- Boodhi Kaki (बूढी काकी بُوڈھی کاکی) (The Old Aunt)
- Bade Bhaisahab (बडे भाईसाब بڈے بھائیساب) (The big brother)
- Bade ghar ki beti (बडे घर की बेटी بڈے گھر کی بیٹی) (The girl of an affluent family)
- Kafan (कफ़न کفن) (Shroud)
- Dikri Ke Rupai (दिक्रि के रुपै دِکرِ کے رُپے)
- Udhar Ki Ghadi (उधार की घडी اُدھار کی گھڈی)
- Namak Ka Daroga (नमक का दरोगा نمک کا دروگا)
[edit] Novels
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- Gaban (गबन گبن) (The Embezzlement)
- Godaan (गोदान گودان) (The Gift of a Cow)
- Karmabhoomi (कर्मभूमी کرمبھُومی)
- Kaayakalp (कायाकल्प کایاکلپ)
- Manorma (मनोरमा منورما)
- Mangalsootra (मंगलसूत्र مںگلسُوتر) - Incomplete
- Nirmala (निर्मला نِرملا)
- Pratigya (प्रतिज्ञा پرتِجنا) (The Vow)
- Premashram (प्रेमाश्रम پریماشرم)
- Rangbhoomi (रंगभूमी رںگبھُومی) (The theatre)
- Vardaan (वरदान وردان)(The boon)
[edit] External links
