Muawiya II
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Muawiyah II or Mu'āwiyya ibn Yazīd (معاوية بن يزيد) (661 - 684) was an Umayyad caliph for about four months after the death of his father Yazīd. The empire he inherited was in a state of disarray with Abdullah bin Zubayr claiming to be the true caliph and holding the Hejaz as well as other areas.
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[edit] Birth and Early Years
Mu'awiyya II was born on the 28th March 661 and was the son of Yazid I of the Ummayyad dynasty and on his mother's side a descendet of the Quayash tribe in the Hejaz. His mother's father was appointed Governor of Basra and his mother married Yazid I in 660. Mu'awiyya was the eldest son to be born, out of six brothers and many (uncounted) daughters. When Mu'awiyya I became Caliph in 661, it is said that on his day of accession he heard the news that his son had given birth to a son. The account is related in Al Nasab (890-949) in his History of the Wars:
At the same time as the birth (of Mua'wiyya II), his grandfather had met with the Islamic Elders (i.e. the Shura) and when he heard that he had a grandson he said, "Surely this is a blessing from God and a sure sign, if there is any, that I am the true Caliph. For I shall establish a dynasty that shall be well-remembered. My son shall follow me, and his son shall follow him." And the child was named Mu'wiyya in his honour.
Lewis Joseph in his article "Islamic Historiography during the Ummayyad period 661-750", nevertheless argues that this was a later tradition created at a time when the Ummayyad dynasty was facing extinction.
Mu'awiyya was the first prince of the Ummayyads to grow up entirely at the court of the Caliph, being kept there to protect him from potential assassins of both Husayn bin Ali and Ibn al-Zubair. He was the first to be given private scholars and teachers as is recorded in Al-Habah (854-905)'s Court of the Righteous Caliphs:
It is said, by many sources, that the first who was given scholars and teachers of his own was Mu'awiyya bin Yazid, grandson of that Mu'awiyya who turned the Successors of the Prophet (may God protect him) into a dynasty of despots. For as is related by the scholars of the past, the previous Caliphs had learnt with the companions as equals in the schools of the faith.
The fact that Mu'awiyya was not sent to Mecca and Medina was also unpopular with Muslims. This growing unpopularity became worse with the campaigns against Husayan and Ibn al-Zubair. The latter war, leading to the capture of Medina and the siege of Mecca, was even more unpopular. Fortunately for the Arab Empire, Yazid I died soon afterwards in 683 and his son succeeded him.
[edit] Accession
The accession of Mu'awiyya II was met first with indifference and trepidation by Muslims, for they didn't know anything about him as he had been kept away in the home of the Caliphs. Yet, when Mu'awiyya declared that a truce would be made, it was met with almost universal acclamation, for it had ended the war in the Holy Places. Mu'awiyya II declared that the war in Medina and Mecca had been foolish and blasphemous and that the damage to the Ka'aba was sacrilege. He is said to have declared:
"For this is the City of God, of both East and the West. For when there is war here, there is earthquakes in heaven, and the angels scatter for protection. I shall not have blood shed here and there shall be no war. We shall become friends and allies again, and the community of the faithful shall be restored."
These words made him popular with those Muslims tired by war, even some supporting al-Zubair. But the followers of al-Zubair urged the rebel to break the truce and declare war, stating that the Caliph was a beardless boy and a coward, afraid to fight, and so easy to defeat. Yet the truce held officially for many months, though there was sporadic fighting in Mecca.
[edit] Personality and Family
In the primary sources and modern histories, Mu'awiyya II's reign is usually passed over quickly. The caliph is portrayed as being weak-willed but with a good-nature. He is said to have declared when news came of his father's death, that this is the news he dreaded for now he was Caliph and did not wish to be. Mu'awiyya was even prepared to summon the Shura and call on them to choose a Caliph of their own, and thus restore the non-hereditary traditions of the Caliphate. Many stories have been written in the sources of Mu'awiyya's weak but good-willed nature, not all of them true.
The marriage of Mu'awiyya was deemed contentious and problematic.His grandfather Mu'awiyya I wished him to marry into another tribe and thus strengthen the power of the dynasty. This, Mu'awiyya did but his wife died in 677. He then married again in 678 and 680, having two wives but he divorced both by 682 for providing no children. Yazid now forced him to marry a fourth wife in 683, a foreign princess, to extend the power of the Caliphate. It is said that Mu'awiyya despised this woman, and as soon as Yazid had died, she was divorced.
[edit] Government Acts
Traditionally, Mu'awiyya is shown to have had no interest in politics, perhaps with justification. He is said to have claimed that only by mistake of the hereditary principle was he Caliph and under no other means would he have ever been chosen. Yet it is said that his courtiers persuaded him to remain Caliph as he was kind and would do some virtuous deeds. Some say they did this to prolong their own power or because it was ungrateful for Mu'awiyya to give back the power given to him by God.
Once a truce had been made in 683, Mu'awiyya turned to domestic affairs. He did not involve himself for many months with Zubayr, even when fighting continued and when the truce had obviously been broken in all but name. Mu'awiyya passed three laws which he said were necessary. Firstly, he said that the rights of women should be protected, secondly that no man should be put to death because of a crime, and thirdly that the charity tax should be made compulsory. These laws were removed once he had died.
[edit] Conflict with Abdullah bin Zubayr
By the beginning of 684, the problem of Zubayr had worsened, and Mu'awiyya was forced to turn his attention back to southern Arabia. He rejected any attempts to launch an attack, declaring that Medina and Mecca were sacred.
Instead he sent an embassy to Zubayr and declared that as he himself had no son, that Zubayr could be his heir. Zubayr rejected this for he knew that Mu'awiyya was young and could have many children. "I shall not be a nursemaid", Zubayr is said to have answered.
The embassy was imprisoned and Zubayr continued the conflict. According to Al Nasab (890-949):
When news of this came, Mu'awiyya wept openly. "Oh, that there should be peace in the Holy Places, in the East and the West, and in Heaven! I shall not be remembered as a Caliph with blood on my hands. I shall not preside over civil war!" And he sent another embassy saying that he would abdicate and make Zubayr Caliph, if his life be spared.
It seems this embassy was rejected as well. Two weeks before his death, Mu'awiyya declared he would abdicate, saying he would rather lose his life than have many lose their lives for him in a civil war.
[edit] Abdication and Death
In June 684, Mu'awiyya abdicated. Most Shia Muslims believe that he abdicated, by saying that he could smell the blood of Ahl ul-Bayt from the throne. By this they mean that he considered his forefathers to be the murderers of the Ahl ul-Bayt (the household of prophet Muhammad).
It is generally believed that he abdicated and died a month later. Another source, the fragments of Al-Nisba (800-845?) records a tradition:
When his courtiers heard he intended to abdicate as soon as Zubayr had entered the city, they were struck by fear for they knew they would die. Three times three they pleaded with the Caliph to be strong but he rejected their pleas... So a conspiracy was made... for though the Caliph had no sons... his cousin was eager to be Caliph. When a farewell feast was held...(fragmentary)...and Mu'awiyya died from the poison... It is recorded that Zubayr knew of this but he was unfairly blamed by the successor Marwan."
[edit] See also
| Preceded by Yazīd I |
Caliph 683–684 |
Succeeded by Marwan I |
