Mortgage GSE controversy
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The controversy in relation to the United States mortgage government sponsored enterprises (GSEs) was triggered by accounting scandals, which urged the US government to consider tightening the control over them.
The two largest housing GSEs of Fannie Mae (FNMA) (http://www.fanniemae.com), and Freddie Mac (http://www.freddiemac.com) own and/or securitize upwards of 70% of the residential mortages in the United States. Ginnie Mae (GNMA) (http://www.ginniemae.gov) is a government corporation that performs a similar function to Fannie and Freddie, and has the explicit backing of the full faith and credit of the United States government, although there is a perception (and a political reality) that Fannie and Freddie are "too large to fail", and therefore will be bailed out by the government should they get into financial trouble. This perception is reinforced by their line of credit with the U.S. Treasury, and other benefits of GSE status, such as exemption from state and local taxes, and use of the Federal Reserve as a transfer agent.
A GSE bond is perceived to have the same risk as a government bond, which is essentially near zero risk. While GSE's clearly state their securities are not backed by the U.S. government, the market largely perceives them to have an implicit government guarantee. This is demonstrated in the financial markets, where Fannie and Freddie debt trade at spreads much lower than the safest (AAA) corporates, and only slightly above comparable Treasury securities. See, for example, GAO GGD-96-120 (http://www.gao.gov/archive/1996/gg96120.pdf) or CBO's Federal Subsidies and the Housing GSE's (http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=2841&sequence=0)
Companies competing with these GSEs generally only securitize mortgages which the GSEs will not securitize, either because they are too large (jumbo mortgages) or because they do not meet the GSE's underwriting standards (subprime mortgages). GNMA only guarantees government insured mortgages; mortgages issued to veterans and guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs, or mortgages guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration or Rural Housing Service.
The debate about limiting the growth and enforcing additional regulations on the GSEs has been ongoing and increasing. There have also been news reports of various financial irregularities at these GSEs in 2003 and 2004. If the GSEs either mismanage their funds, or there is a large rise in interest rates that the GSEs have not hedged, the "implied" government guarantee could lead to the government having to pay off their debts despite no legal obligation to do so. Since they are corporations, some view the existence and growth of the GSEs as a government takeover of a large private industry with all the risks typically associated with doing so.
GSEs are a hybrid form of a corporation designed to utilize privately provided capital in pursuit of publicly developed missions. The GSEs do not use any taxpayer money nor do they state anywhere in legal disclosures the government guarantees their securities. The current regulatory format imposes rigorous capital and stress testing by their regulator, the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, or OFHEO (http://wwww.ofheo.gov). Some have viewed the GSEs abilities to raise private capital in pursuit of public goals a model example of government at its best. Some have questioned this assertion, and there have been questions regarding the rigorousness of the capital and stress testing by OFHEO. [citation needed]
The Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Securities and Government Sponsored Enterprises, chaired by Rep Richard H. Baker, holds oversight hearings on the Federal National Mortgage Corporation (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). The committee: "..watches over the U.S. capital markets, securities and insurance industries and government-sponsored enterprises, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. It oversees the Securities and Exchange Commission as well as the self-regulatory organizations that police the securities markets."
