Mokotów Prison
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Mokotów Prison (Polish Więzienie mokotowskie, otherwise known as Rakowiecka Prison) is a prison in Warsaw's borough of Mokotów, located on Rakowiecka street 37, at . During World War II and until 1989 it was a place of detention and execution of the Polish opposition and freedom fighters.
The Mokotów prison was built in early 20th century as a tsarist prison used by the local criminal police of Warsaw. After Poland regained her independence in 1918, the site was refurbished and significantly expanded and until 1939 it served as the main prison site of the attorney general's office.
After the fall of Poland in the effect of the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the prison became part of the so-called German District of Warsaw, a borough reserved for the German administration of the General Gouvernment and the occupation forces. The prison itself became one of several prisons of the Gestapo in Warsaw. It housed Polish politicians, freedom fighters, resistance workers and ordinary people caught in łapankas on the streets of Warsaw. The site became infamous due to constant torture of the inmates and became known as one of the places of no return, from which the only way was to the execution site - or to German concentration camp. It was also a place of detention of hostages, taken by Germans in anticipation of the Home Army actions, after which the hostages were executed as a reprisal.
During the first hour of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, the prison was attacked from the outside by the WSOP platoon of the GRANAT group of Home Army. The partisans successfully broke into the prison and liberated approximately 300 inmates. However, they did not manage to capture whole prison and soon were counter-attacked by the SS forces stationed nearby and forced to retreat. As a reprisal, the SS and Wehrmacht murdered approximately 500 inmates still kept in wards. Until the end of the uprising both the prison and the area of Rakowiecka street were held by the Germans, despite numerous attacks by the Home Army. After the Uprising the German District was spared the fate of the rest of Warsaw and survived the war in a relatively good condition.
In 1945, when the Red Army finally captured the ruins of Warsaw, the prison was turned into a site of detention of Polish Home Army resistance fighters by the NKVD and the local Urząd Bezpieczeństwa. During the stalinist years it was one of the best known temporary prisons of the secret police. The prisoners kept in tiny concrete cells in fatal conditions, were subject to interrogation and tortures identical to those used by the Nazis during World War II. Among those held in it were numerous German war criminals, as well as members of the Polish underground, democratic opposition and intelligentsia, who were considered a threat to the regime of the Soviet-controlled communist government of Poland. After several months or years of interrogation the detainees were usually either executed on the spot (in the old boiler room) and their bodies disposed in the dump in Służewiec, or transferred to other prison sites in Poland, including the infamous Montelupi prison in Poznań, Lublin castle, Wronki, Rawicz, Strzelce Opolskie, Sztum, Fordon and Inowrocław. Among those held in the prison were:
- Witold Pilecki (executed)
- Gen. Emil Fieldorf "Nil" (executed)
- Bolesław Kontrym (executed)
- Kazimierz Moczarski
- Zygmunt Szendzielarz (executed)
- prof. Marian Grzybowski
- Jurgen Stroop
After the end of stalinism in 1956 the prison was officially transferred to the civilian authorities, although it still served as a prison for political prisoners. After Poland regained her independence in 1989, the prison was transferred to the Polish law-enforcement agencies and currently it serves as a short-term prison for people accused of various criminal offences. In 1998 a table was erected on the prison wall to commemorate 283 political prisoners executed on Rakowiecka street between 1945 and 1955, as well as hundreds of others whose names and place of burial remain unknown.
