Minoritenkirche, Vienna
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The Minoritenkirche, formal name: Italienische Nationalkirche Maria Schnee (English: Greyfriars Church or Minorite Church, formal "Italian National Church of Mary of the Snows") is a church built in French cathedral Gothic style in the Altstadt or First District of Vienna. [1]
The site on which the church is built was given to followers of Francis of Assisi in 1224. The foundation stone was laid by Premysl Ottokar II in 1276. Duke Albrecht II later supported the building process, especially the main portal. The Gothic Ludwigschor was built between 1316 and 1328, and used as a mausoleum in the 14th and 15th centuries. The church was finished in 1350.
The top of its tower was damaged during the first Austro-Turkish war, was then rebuilt, but was destroyed again during the second Austro-Turkish war. Then, the top was replaced by a flat roof.
When Joseph II gave the church to the Italians as a present, they transferred the name Maria Schnee ("Mary of the Snows") from a nearby chapel, which they then tore down.
There is a life-sized copy of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper on the church's northern wall. It is a mosaic made by the Roman mosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli which was ordered by Napoleon I in 1809, but it was not finished before Napoleon's abdication. Francis II of Austria bought it, wanting to install it in the Belvedere in Vienna. As it was too large for the building, it was set up on the north wall of the church, where it remains to this day.
Among other things, the Church is the subject of Adolf Hitler's most renowned work of art, a watercolor painted in 1910.
[edit] History
The Minoritenkirche stands in the Innere Stadt of Vienna, northwest of the Hofburg, at the Minoritenplatz. The Minoriten were Franciscan monks (Latin: "fratres minores").[1] They were appointed in 1224 to Vienna.[1]
After the city fire of 1275, the foundation-stone for the new church was placed by Ottokar Přemysl.[1] It was one of the first gothic churches in the east-Austrian area. After Ottokar's death in the battle on the Marchfeld, he was laid out here thirty weeks.[1]
There were important changes under the first Habsburgs.[1] Blanche of Valois, the wife Rudolf III, left a chapel for her grandfather, Ludwig of France (Heiligen Ludwig von Frankreich) to the Nordweiste, which was completed in 1328.[1] It had a separate entrance and no connection to the nave. This was changed starting from circa 1340, combined as the Ludwig chapel with (zwei-schiffigen) the nave to a now drei-schiffigen church room with two choirs. Into the nave, new bundle columns were drawn, and an additional yoke as well as a new portal were constructed in the west.[1]
The whole building follows the pattern of French Cathedral architecture. The building masters are unknown; however, one is believed to be Jacobus Parisiensis, who was prominently involved with Beichtvater Duke Albrechts II.[1]
Also the portal follows a French pattern, which is rather rare in Austria.[1] The Tympanon is divided by circle impacts into three fields, whereby in the middle field, Christ on a branch cross is displayed. On the left, is Mary with Mary Magdalene and other female figures; on the right, John the Evangelist, captain Longinus, and other male figures. The outermost male and female figures could represent Duke Albrecht II and his wife Johanna of Pfirt, particularly since the male figure seems to wear a Herzogs hat. The figures are very elegant and fine-linked represented: probably a French influence, and, at the same time, an important style characteristic of the Minoritenwerkstatt, which date back until approximately 1360.[1]
Altogether, the church represents thus rather a höfisch-affected style as typical Bettelordens architecture, which comes also by the fact to the expression that it possesses a tower.[1]
In the following centuries, the church remained to a large extent unchanged, only that in different wars, the tower in Mitleidenschaft was pulled in again and again.[1]
A crucial break came in 1782, when the Minorite church was closed in the course of the religion politics of Joseph II.[1] The church thereupon was renamed the "Italian National Church of Mary of the Snow" (Santa Maria Maggiore) - this name exists today still. In the course, the Minoriten brought the cross to its provided with a Christ picture also over the high altar, after evacuation to Wimpassing, so that, when it came some decades later back to Vienna, it was called the "Wimpassinger cross." A copy of it hangs today in the Stephansdom cathedral.
In the course of the new dedication also numerous changes were made by Johann Ferdinand Hetzendorf von Hohenberg, which were aimed at particularly on the removal of baroque on the inside. Nevertheless, it was not in the final result "Regotisierung," as this was called more frequently, since also parts of the gothical building of the Church were eliminated, in particular, the Ludwig choir.
Beginning in the 19th century, a mosaic copy of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper came into the church. It had been given by Napoleon in order; however, like some other works of art, after his fall, was only terminated and had to be bought by his father-in-law Emperor Franz I. For its originally planned place of assembly in the Belvedere, it proved too large, so that it came finally into this church. Around 1900, the last major changes took place, in particular, the construction of the choir-like sacrament's Sakramentshäuschens. In the course of the building of underground subways, into the late 1980s, the foundation walls of the Ludwig chapel were found, which are after-drawn at the place now.
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Wiener Minoritenkirche" ("Viennese Minorite Church"), German Wikipedia, 2006-08-30, De.Wikipedia.org webpage: DWP-Wiener-Minoritenkirche.
