Messerschmitt Me 323

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Messerschmitt Me 323
Description
Role	Heavy transport
Crew	5
First flight	Fall 1941
Entered service	1943
Manufacturer	Messerschmitt A.G.
Dimensions
Length	28.2 m	92 ft 4 in
Wingspan	55.2 m	181 ft 0 in
Height	10.15 m	33 ft3.5 in
Wing area	m²	ft²
Weights
Empty	27,330 kg	60,260 lb
Loaded	29,500 kg	65,000 lb
Maximum takeoff	43,000 kg	94,815 lb
Powerplant
Engine	6 Gnôme-Rhône 14N
Power (each)	700 kW	950 hp
Performance
Maximum speed	270 km/h	170 mph
Combat range	800 km	500 mile
Ferry range	1,100 km	684 miles
Service ceiling	4,000 m	13,100 ft
Rate of climb	216 m/min	710 ft/min
Armament
Guns	(example) 18 × 7.92 mm MG81 machine-guns

The Messerschmitt Me 323 "Gigant" was a German transport aircraft of the Second World War. It was a powered variant of the Me 321 glider. It was the biggest land-based cargo airplane of the war. Just over 200 are recorded as having been made.

[edit] Development

The genesis of the Me 323 Gigant (giant) transport was in a 1940 German requirement for a large assault glider. The DFS 230 light glider had already proven its worth in the famous attack on Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium (the first ever assault by gliderborne troops), and would later be used successfully in the Crete invasion in 1941. However, the prospective invasion of Great Britain focused minds on the need to be able to airlift vehicles and other heavy equipment as part of an initial assault wave. Although 'Sealion' was cancelled, the requirement was still a valid one with the focus now on the forthcoming invasion of the USSR.

On October 18th 1940, Junkers and Messerschmitt were given just 14 days to submit a proposal for a large transport glider. The emphasis was still very much on the assault role: the ambitious requirement was to be able to carry either an 88-mm gun and half-track tractor, or a PzKpfw IV medium tank. The Junkers Ju 322 'Mammut' reached prototype form, but was completely unsatisfactory and was scrapped. The Messerschmitt was originally designated the Me 261w, was then changed to Me 263, eventually becoming the Me 321. Although the Me 321 saw considerable service, it was never used for a Maltese invasion, or for any other such undertakings.

Early in 1941, the decision had been taken to produce a motorized variant of the Me 321. It was now realised that a serious heavy-lift requirement would exist outside the specialized assault role, and that a huge glider that needed specialised towing aircraft, rocket packs and other equipment was simply not the answer. After much study, it was decided to fit six French Gnome-Rhone GR14N engines. These were in production and readily available, and could easily be bolted on the wing, which consequently needed to be strengthened. A cabin for a flight engineer was added in each wing between the inboard and centre engines, although the pilot could override each engineer’s decision on engine and propeller control. A brand-new permanent landing gear was bolted on to the side of each fuselage, and gave the resulting Me 323 superb rough-field performance. Compared to the Me 321, the Me 323 had a much-reduced payload of between 10 - 12 tonnes, which was the price that had to be paid for an aircraft that could operate autonomously. Even with the engines, RATO packs were still frequently used.

[edit] Features

The Messerschmitt Me-323 was ununusal and revolutionary in several ways:

1. it was developed from a glider, the Me-321 transport glider
2. it was among the largest of aircraft to fly in WWII
3. it loaded through 11-foot high doors in the front of the fuselage
4. it was powered wholly by French engines
5. it could use Jet Assisted Take Off (JATO).

The aircraft was designed with massive, semi-cantilever, high-mounted wings in order to lift the heavy weights desired. As the aircraft technology was not yet sufficiently advanced for this type of wing, they had to be braced from the fusilage out to the middle of the wing. To reduce weight and to save on aluminum much of the wing was made of plywood and fabric. The fuselage was of composite metal-wood-fabric with heavy bracing in the floor to hold the weight. In order to get the powered version of the glider airborne it was equipped with six Gnome-Rhone engines. The French engines were chosen as their design was complete and they could be built in occupied France without interfering with German engine production. The landing gear were a set of 10 semi-recessed wheels designed to flex like caterpillar treads for landing on rough terrain and to distribute the weight over a large area. In all, it bore a remarkable resemblance to the heavy-airlift aircraft of today, indeed, it was the forerunner of this type of transport aircraft. The cargo hold was 36 feet long, 10 feet wide and 11 feet high. The typical loads it carried were: two 4-ton trucks, or 8,700 loaves of bread, or an 88 mm Flak gun, its equipment, ammunition and crew, or 52 drums of fuel (45 gal/252 L), or 130 men, or 60 stretchers. It was, for its time, a remarkable aircraft.

The Me-323 transport had a crew of five consisting of two pilots, two flight engineers and a radio operator. Two additional gunners could be carried as well. The pilot's area was in front of the leading edge of the wing at the top of the cargo area and was armoured. It was powered by six Gnome-Rhone 14N 48/49 14 cylinder radial, air-cooled engines each rated at 990 hp. Four rockets could be mounted on each wing outside of the last engine to assist with take-offs. The left and right side engines had to be counter-rotating to avoid the severe torque that would be generated by six engines rotating in the same direction. It had a maximum speed of only 136 mph (218 km/h) at sea level and speed dropped with altitude. Range is not known, but it was used to quickly build up troops in North Africa flying from Italy. It was armed with five 13 mm machine guns firing from a dorsal position behind the wings and from the fusilage. They were manned by the extra gunners, radio operator and engineers.

To make the Me 323 fit for cheap mass production, it had been designed with a fabric-covered steel tube framing instead of a conventional light-alloy monocoque structure. Initially, the Me 323 was going to be fitted with four engines, but prototype flight testing showed that six engines were necessary to achieve the desired load-carrying capability. The French Gnôme-Rhône engines used had been designed by Gabriel Voisin.

[edit] Operational Record

Capable of carrying 100 combat-equipped troops or a similar freight load of about 15 tons, the Me 323 was used in 1943 to ferry supplies and reserve troops from Italy and Sicily to the German Afrika Korps in Tunis and the area of North Africa. However, from Ultra intelligence, the transport formations' flight schedules were known to the Allies who used this information to send fighter squadron to ambush the aerial convoys and shoot down the transports.

For example, on 22 April 1943 near Cape Bon, several squadrons of Spitfires and P-40 Kittyhawks attacked a unit of 14 petrol-carrying Me 323s and their fighter escorts. All 14 were shot down with the loss of about 120 crew and 700 drums of fuel.

Just under 200 Me 323's were built before production ceased in April 1944. There were several production versions, beginning with the D-1. Later D- and E- versions differed in the choice of power plant and in defensive armament, with improvements in structural strength, total cargo load and fuel capacity also being implemented. Nonetheless, the Me 323 remained significantly underpowered. There was a proposal to install six BMW 801 radials, but this never came to pass. The Me 323 was also a short-range aircraft, with a typical range (loaded) of 1,000 - 1,200 Km. Despite this, the limited numbers of Me 323's in service were an invaluable asset to the Germans, and saw intensive use. The Me 323 was something of a 'sitting duck', being so slow and large an aircraft. In the final weeks of the North African campaign in April/May 1943, 43 Gigants were lost, along with much greater numbers of Ju 52's. In terms of aircraft design, the Me 323 was actually very resilient, and could absorb a huge amount of enemy fire - the Afrika Korps' nickname of Leukoplastbomber (Elastoplast Bomber) was somewhat unfair. However, no transport aircraft can ever be expected to survive without air superiority or at least, comprehensive local air cover, and it is believed that no Me 323's survived in service beyond the summer of 1944.

Related content
Related development	Me 321
Similar aircraft	Ju 322
Designation series	He 319 - Me 321 - Ju 322 - Me 323 - Me 328 - Me 329 - FA 330
Related lists	List of military aircraft of Germany