Meditations
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- This article is about the writings by Marcus Aurelius. For other uses, see Meditation (disambiguation).
Meditations (Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν) is the title of a series of personal writings by Marcus Aurelius setting forth his ideas on Stoic philosophy.
Marcus Aurelius wrote Meditations in Greek while on campaign between 170 and 180, as a source for his own guidance and self-improvement. These memos survive and continue to inspire others to this day. It is not clear that he ever intended the writings to be published, so the title Meditations is but one of several commonly assigned to the collection. These writings take the form of quotations varying in length from one sentence to long paragraphs. Some popular English translations include:
- The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, translated by George Long (1862); reprinted many times, including in Vol. 2 of the Harvard Classics.
- The Golden Book of Marcus Aurelius, translated by Meric Casaubon. J.M. Dent & Co. (London). 1906-1908.
- Meditations, translated by Maxwell Stainforth. ISBN 0-14-044140-9.
- Meditations, translated by Gregory Hays. ISBN 0-679-64260-9.
- The Emperor's Handbook: A New Translation of the Meditations, translated by Scot and David Hicks. ISBN 0-7432-3383-2.
- Meditations, translated by A.S.L. Farquharson. ISBN 0-19-283907-1.
His stoic ideas often revolve around the denial of emotion, a skill which, he says, will free a man from the pains and pleasures of the material world. He claims that the only way a man can be harmed by others is to allow his reaction to overpower him. He shows no particular religious faith in his writings, but seems to believe that some sort of logical, benevolent force organizes the universe in such a way that even "bad" occurrences happen for the good of the whole.
Marcus Aurelius has been lauded for his capacity "to write down what was in his heart just as it was, not obscured by any consciousness of the presence of listeners or any striving after effect." Gilbert Murray compares him to Rousseau and St. Augustine and their Confessions. Though Murray criticizes Marcus for the "harshness and plainness of his literary style," he finds in his Meditations "as much intensity of feeling...as in most of the nobler modern books of religion, only [with] a sterner power controlling it." "People fail to understand Marcus," he writes, "not because of his lack of self-expression, but because it is hard for most men to breathe at that intense height of spiritual life, or, at least, to breathe soberly."[1] D.A. Rees calls the Meditations "unendingly moving and inspiring", but does not offer them up as works of original philosphy.[2] Bertrand Russell found them contradictory and inconsistent, evidence of a "tired age" where "even real goods lose their savour." Using Marcus as an example of greater Stoic philosophy, he found their ethical philosophy to contain an element of "sour grapes". "We can't be happy, but we can be good; let us therefore pretend that, so long as we are good, it doesn't matter being unhappy."[3] Both Russell and Rees find an element of Marcus' Stoic philosophy in Kant's own philosophical system.[4][2]
Contents |
[edit] Quotations
- If thou art pained by any external thing, it is not this that disturbs thee, but thy own judgment about it. And it is in thy power to wipe out this judgment now. (trans. George Long)
- A cucumber is bitter. Throw it away. There are briars in the road. Turn aside from them. This is enough. Do not add, "And why were such things made in the world?" (trans. George Long)
- Let opinion be taken away, and no man will think himself wronged. If no man shall think himself wronged, then is there no more any such thing as wrong. (trans. Meric Casaubon)
- (...) As for others whose lives are not so ordered, he reminds himself constantly of the characters they exhibit daily and nightly at home and abroad , and of the sort of society they frequent; and the approval of such men, who do not even stand well in their own eyes has no value for him. (trans. Maxwell Staniforth)
- Reject your sense of injury, and the injury itself disappears.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Murray, Gilbert [1912] (2002). Five Stages of Greek Religion, 3rd Edition, Dover Publications, 168-9. ISBN 0-486-42500-2.
- ^ a b D.A. Rees, Introduction pp. xvii. In Farquhrson, A. S. L. [1944] (1992). Meditations. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-41271-9.
- ^ Russell, Bertrand [1946] (2004). History of Western Philosophy. London: Routledge, 248-56. ISBN 0-415-32505-6.
- ^ Ibid. 254-5
[edit] External links
- Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν (Ta eis heauton), an online Greek version of the Meditations (Greek was the original language of the writings), after A.S.L.Farquharson's publication
- The Meditations, an online version at the Internet Classics Archive
- The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, an online version from The Harvard Classics series, published 1909-1914.
- Meditations, an online version from Project Gutenburg (text is from The Golden Book of Marcus Aurelius, translated by Meric Casaubon, published 1906-1908.)
- Latin Version by J. M. Schulz (1802)
