Mary Leakey
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Mary Leakey (February 6, 1913 – December 9, 1996) was a British archaeologist, who, along with others, discovered the first skull of a fossil ape on Rusinga Island. For much of her career she worked with her husband Louis Leakey in the Olduvai Gorge, uncovering the tools and fossils of ancient hominines. She also discovered the Laetoli footprints.
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[edit] History
Mary Leakey was born Mary Nicol on February 6, 1913 in London, England. Since her father worked as a painter, the Nicol family would move from place to place, visiting such locations as France and Italy. After a time, the family moved to Dordogne in France. In nearby Cabrerets, Abbe Lemozi was leading an excavation. It was here that her interest in prehistory was sparked. Mary's father died in 1926 and her mother placed her in a Catholic convent from which she was repeatedly expelled. After leaving the convent, she attended lectures for archaeology and geology at the University of London. She entered the field as an illustrator for Dr. Gertrude Caton-Thompson's book, The Desert Fayoum, and through Dr. Caton-Thompson, met Louis Leakey. She showed him her illustrations and he arranged for her to illustrate his book, Adam's Ancestors. They were married in 1936 and had three sons: Jonathan in 1940, Richard in 1944, and Philip in 1948. Louis died on October 1, 1972 of a heart attack. Mary died on December 9, 1996 at the age of 83.
[edit] Excavations
Her first important excavation was at Hembury Fort in Devon, England in May of 1934. Later that year, Mary performed her own excavation at Jaywick Sands. She also published her first scientific paper. The years 1935 to 1959, spent at Olduvai Gorge in the Serengeti plains of Northern Tanzania, yielded many stone tools from primitive stone-chopping instruments to multi-purpose hand axes. These finds came from Stone Age cultures dated as far back as 100,000 to two million years ago. The Leakeys unearthed a Proconsul africanus skull on Rusinga Island, in October of 1947. This skull was the first skull of a fossil ape ever to be found and to this day only three of these apes are known. Their next discovery, in 1959, was a 1.75 million-year-old Australopithecus boisei skull. They also found a less robust Homo habilis skull and bones of a hand. After reconstructing the hand, it was proven the hand was capable of precise manipulation. Many more remains were found at this site. In 1965 the husband and wife team uncovered a Homo erectus skull, dated at one million years old. After Mary's husband passed on, she continued her work at Olduvai and Laetoli. It was here at the Laetoli site, that she discovered Homo fossils that were more than 3.75 million-years-old. She also discovered fifteen new species and one new genus. From 1976 to 1981 Mary and her staff worked to uncover the Laetoli hominid footprint trail which was left in volcanic ashes some 3.6 million years ago. The years that followed this discovery were filled with research at Olduvai and Laetoli, the follow-up work to discoveries and preparing publications.
