Mary Ann Nichols
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 The canonical fiveJack the Ripper victims |
|---|
| Mary Ann Nichols |
| Annie Chapman |
| Elizabeth Stride |
| Catherine Eddowes |
| Mary Jane Kelly |
Mary Ann "Polly" Nichols is widely believed to be the first victim of the notorious unidentified serial killer "Jack the Ripper," who killed and mutilated prostitutes in the Whitechapel area of London during the late summer and autumn of 1888. As with other Ripper victims, there is some confusion about her personal details. She was aged forty-three and was destitute at the time of her death. Nichols' body was discovered at about 3:40 in the early morning of Friday, August 31, 1888, on the ground in front of a gated stable entrance in Buck's Row (since renamed Durward Street), a back street in Whitechapel two hundred yards from the London Hospital. Neither the police officers patrolling nearby streets nor the residents in houses alongside Buck's Row heard or saw anything suspicious; Nichols was probably killed about 3:30am.
Nichols was the daughter of Edward Walker, a locksmith and his wife Caroline. While her death certificate stated she was forty-two at the time of her murder (an apparent error reflected on her coffin plate and gravestone), birth records indicate she was forty-three, a fact confirmed at her inquest by her father, who described her as looking "ten years younger" than her age. She was born Mary Ann Walker in Dawes Court, off Shoe Lane in London on August 26, 1845. On January 16, 1864 she married William Nichols, a printer's machinist, and the couple had five children before their marriage broke up in 1880 for disputed causes. Polly Nichols was reported by her father and others to be a heavy drinker. William Nichols in turn was accused at her inquest of leaving her for an affair with a nurse, though he claimed to have proof that their marriage had continued for at least three years after the date alleged for the affair. He also maintained that his wife had repeatedly deserted him.
Legally required to support his estranged wife, William Nichols paid her an allowance of five shillings a week for a year or two but terminated it when he reported hearing she was living with another man. Nichols spent most of her remaining years in workhouses and boarding houses, often living off her meagre earnings as a prostitute. Later she lived for a short time with her father but left after a quarrel; her father stated she subsequently lived with a blacksmith for a while. In May of 1888, the year of her death, she was living in the Lambeth workhouse but left to take a job as a domestic servant. Dissatisfied with the position, she left her employers a month later, stealing clothing worth three pounds ten shillings. At the time of her death she was living in a Whitechapel lodging house. Lacking fourpence for a bed that night, she went out, implying that she would soon earn the money on the street with the help of a new bonnet she had acquired. She was last seen in the area, drunk, an hour before her death by a friend. Her body was later identified by clothing from the Lambeth workhouse.
Inquest testimony as reported in The Times: "Five teeth were missing, and there was a slight laceration of the tongue. There was a bruise running along the lower part of the jaw on the right side of the face. That might have been caused by a blow from a fist or pressure from a thumb. There was a circular bruise on the left side of the face which also might have been inflicted by the pressure of the fingers. On the left side of the neck, about 1 in. below the jaw, there was an incision about 4 inches in length, and ran from a point immediately below the ear. On the same side, but an inch below, and commencing about 1 inches in front of it, was a circular incision, which terminated at a point about 3 in. below the right jaw. That incision completely severed all the tissues down to the vertebrae. The large vessels of the neck on both sides were severed. The incision was about 8 inches in length. the cuts must have been caused by a long-bladed knife, moderately sharp, and used with great violence. No blood was found on the breast, either of the body or the clothes. There were no injuries about the body until just about the lower part of the abdomen. Two or three inches from the left side was a wound running in a jagged manner. The wound was a very deep one, and the tissues were cut through. There were several incisions running across the abdomen. There were three or four similar cuts running downwards, on the right side, all of which had been caused by a knife which had been used violently and downwards. The injuries were from left to right and might have been done by a left handed person. All the injuries had been caused by the same instrument."
[edit] Funeral
Mary Ann "Polly" Nichols was buried on Thursday, 6 September, 1888. That afternoon, Polly was transported in a polished elm coffin to Mr Henry Smith, Hanbury Street undertaker. The cortege consisted of the hearse and two mourning coaches, which carried Edward Walker, William Nichols, and Edward John Nichols. Polly was buried at City of London Cemetery (Little Ilford) at Manor Park Cemetery, Sebert Road, Forest Gate, London, E12, (public) grave 210752 (on the edge of the current Memorial Garden).
The funeral expenses were paid for by Edward Walker (Polly's father), William Nichols (Polly's ex-husband), and Edward John Nichols (Polly's son).
In late 1996, the cemetery authorities decided to mark Polly's grave with a plaque.
[edit] Further reading
- The Complete History of Jack the Ripper by Philip Sugden, ISBN 0-7867-0276-1.
