Malvaceae

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iMalvaceae
Least Mallow, Malva parviflora
Least Mallow, Malva parviflora
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Juss.
Subfamilies

Bombacoideae
Brownlowioideae
Byttnerioideae
Dombeyoideae
Grewioideae
Helicteroideae
Malvoideae
Sterculioideae
Tilioideae

Malvaceae is family of flowering plants containing Malva, the mallow genus, and its relatives.

There are two main views on the circumscription of the family. One view takes the traditionally narrow view of the family, Malvaceae sensu stricto. The APG II system takes a broader circumscription on the basis of molecular phylogenies that show that while Malvaceae s.s. is cladistically monophyletic, several closely related families of order Malvales are not monophyletic. This definition of the family unites the core Malvales of the Cronquist system, including Bombacaceae, Malvaceae s.s., Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae, into the wider Malvaceae sensu lato.

Contents

[edit] Malvaceae sensu stricto

That Malvaceae s.s. comprise a cladistically monophyletic group has been confirmed by recent molecular phylogenies. It is a homogeneous taxon, so homogeneous that the subfamily category is not applicable, Malvaceae s.s. is only subdivided in tribes.

The family most closely related to Malvaceae s.s. is Bombacaceae, and the two are separated primarily on the basis of pollen characters (smooth or rugose in Bombacaceae, spiny in Malvaceae). Malvaceae s.s. also tend to be herbs or shrubs, whereas Bombacaceae are usually trees. Molecular phylogenies have demonstrated that Bombacaceae is cladistically paraphyletic with respect to Malvaceae s.s.

It has been recognised by most compilers of high-level classifications, including:

Thus forming a solid consensus that was achieved mainly on the basis in morphological field.

Malvaceae is still accepted in its restricted sense in several nomenclatural compilations: at IK, APNI (Australian Plant Names Index) and GCI (Gray Card Index) at IPNI (see also list of systems of plant taxonomy); and in several herbaria of the whole world, besides being the classification "standard" of many reference works such as manuals, floras and very important: identification keys (see Thonner's analytical key to the families of flowering plants).

A different approach was taken by Edlin (1935), who restricted Malvaceae even further by transferring the genera with capsular fruits, including Gossypium and Hibiscus, into a more broadly defined Bombacaceae.

Malvaceae sensu stricto as traditionally defined consists of about 111-119 genera, totalling about 1,500 species. This includes the mallows, cotton plants, okra, hibiscus, and hollyhocks.

[edit] Genera

Source: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

  • Abelmoschus Medik.
  • Abutilon Mill.
  • Abutilothamnus Ulbr.
  • Acaulimalva Krapov.
  • Alcea L.
  • Allosidastrum (Hochr.) Krapov., Fryxell & D.M.Bates
  • Allowissadula D.M.Bates
  • Althaea L.
  • Alyogyne Alef.
  • Anisodontea C.Presl
  • Anoda Cav.
  • Anotea (DC.) Kunth
  • Asterotrichion Klotzsch
  • Azanza Alef.
  • Bakeridesia Hochr.
  • Bastardia Kunth
  • Bastardiastrum (Rose) D.M.Bates
  • Bastardiopsis (K.Schum.) Hassl.
  • Batesimalva Fryxell
  • Billieturnera Fryxell
  • Blanchetiastrum Hassl.
  • Bombycidendron Zoll. & Moritzi
  • Briquetia Hochr.
  • Callirhoe Nutt.
  • Calyculogygas Krapov.
  • Calyptraemalva Krapov.
  • Cenocentrum Gagnep.
  • Cephalohibiscus Ulbr.
  • Cienfuegosia Cav.
  • Codonochlamys Ulbr.
  • Corynabutilon (K.Schum.) Kearney
  • Cristaria Cav.
  • Decaschistia Wight & Arn.
  • Dendrosida Fryxell
  • Dicellostyles Benth.
  • Dirhamphis Krapov.
  • Eremalche Greene
  • Erioxylum Rose & Standl.
  • Fioria Mattei
  • Fryxellia D.M.Bates
  • Gaya Kunth
  • Goethea Nees
  • Gossypioides Skovst. ex J.B.Hutch.
  • Gossypium L.
  • Gynatrix Alef.
  • Hampea Schltdl.
  • Helicteropsis Hochr.
  • Herissantia Medik.
  • Hibiscadelphus Rock
  • Hibiscus L.
  • Hochreutinera Krapov.
  • Hoheria A.Cunn.
  • Horsfordia A.Gray
  • Howittia F.Muell.
  • Humbertianthus Hochr.
  • Humbertiella Hochr.
  • Julostylis Thwaites
  • Jumelleanthus Hochr.
  • Kearnemalvastrum D.M.Bates
  • Kitaibela Willd.
  • Kokia Lewton
  • Kosteletzkya C.Presl
  • Krapovickasia Fryxell
  • Kydia Roxb.
  • Lagunaria (DC.) Rchb.
  • Lavatera L.
  • Lawrencia Hook.
  • Lebronnecia Fosberg
  • Lopimia Mart.
  • Macrostelia Hochr.
  • Malachra L.
  • Malacothamnus Greene
  • Malope L.
  • Malva L.
  • Malvastrum A.Gray
  • Malvaviscus Fabr.
  • Malvella Jaub. & Spach
  • Megistostegium Hochr.
  • Meximalva Fryxell
  • Modiola Moench
  • Modiolastrum K.Schum.
  • Monteiroa Krapov.
  • Montezuma DC.
  • Napaea L.
  • Neobaclea Hochr.
  • Neobrittonia Hochr.
  • Neohumbertiella Hochr.
  • Nototriche Turcz.
  • Notoxylinon Lewton
  • Palaua Cav.
  • Papuodendron C.T.White
  • Pavonia Cav.
  • Peltaea (C.Presl) Standl.
  • Periptera DC.
  • Perrierophytum Hochr.
  • Phragmocarpidium Krapov.
  • Phymosia Desv.
  • Plagianthus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
  • Pseudabutilon R.E.Fr.
  • Radyera Bullock
  • Rhynchosida Fryxell
  • Robinsonella Rose & Baker f.
  • Rojasimalva Fryxell
  • Senra Cav.
  • Sida L.
  • Sidalcea A.Gray
  • Sphaeralcea A.St.-Hil.
  • Symphyochlamys Gurke
  • Tarasa Phil.
  • Tetrasida Ulbr.
  • Thespesia Sol. ex Correa
  • Thespesiopsis Exell & Hillc.
  • Triplochlamys Ulbr.
  • Ulbrichia Urb.
  • Urena L.
  • Urocarpidium Ulbr.
  • Wercklea Pittier & Standl.
  • Wilhelminia Hochr.
  • Wissadula Medik.

[edit] Malvaceae sensu lato

In the broader APG circumscription, the Malvaceae are also a cladistically monophyletic group but take in a much larger number of genera. Because molecular phylogenies have shown that Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae as traditionally defined are closely related to Malvaceae s.s. but are not monophyletic groups, Malvaceae have been expanded to include these families. This expanded definition has been adopted by numerous researchers on the Malvales (e.g., Baum et al. 2004, Perveen et al. 2004, Tate et al. 2005).

Whether a consensus in favor of a broad or narrow circumscription of Malvaceae will be adopted, or something in between, remains to be seen. The broad circumscription of Malvaceae has been adopted in textbooks on plant systematics (Judd et al. 1999), in a comprehensive treatment of vascular plant families and genera, the Kubitzki system, by Bayer & Kubitzki (2003), and in a treatment of Neotropical plant families by Maas & Westra (2005). The most recent version of the Thorne system takes an intermediate approach in combining Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae under Malvaceae, but retaining Byttneriaceae (containing elements of the traditional Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae) and a considerably restricted Tiliaceae as separate families.

Malvaceae sensu APG is a family of about 250 genera; it thus also includes lindens, kapok, baobabs, balsa, etc. There are nine subfamilies (Bayer et al. 1999, Bayer & Kubitzki 2003):

Selected genera

[edit] References

  • Baum, D. A., W. S. Alverson, and R. Nyffeler (1998). "A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales". Harvard Papers in Botany 3: 315–330.
  • Baum, D. A., S. D. Smith2, A. Yen, W. S. Alverson, R. Nyffeler, B. A. Whitlock and R. L. Oldham (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences". American Journal of Botany 91: 1863-1871. (abstract online here).
  • Bayer, C., J. R. Hoppe, K. Kubitzki, M. F. Fay, A. Y. De Bruijn, V. Savolainen, C. M. Morton, K. Kubitzki, W. S. Alverson, and M. W. Chase (1999). "Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 129: 267–303.
  • Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki 2003. Malvaceae, pp. 225-311. In K. Kubitzki (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales.
  • Edlin, H. L. (1935). "A critical revision of certain taxonomic groups of the Malvales". New Phytologist (1-20): 122-143.
  • Judd, W. S., and S. R. Manchester (1997). "Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis of morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical characters". Brittonia 49: 384–405.
  • Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg and P. F. Stevens. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach.
  • Maas, P. J. M. and L. Y. Th. Westra. 2005. Neotropical Plant Families (3rd edition).
  • Perveen, A., E. Grafström and G. El-Ghazaly (2004). "World Pollen and Spore Flora 23. Malvaceae Adams. P.p. Subfamilies: Grewioideae, Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae". Grana 43: 129-155. (abstract online here).
  • Tate, J. A., J. F. Aguilar, S. J. Wagstaff, J. C. La Duke5, T. A. Bodo Slotta and B. B. Simpson (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data". American Journal of Botany 92: 584-602. (abstract online here).

[edit] External links

Malvaceae sensu lato:

  • Malvaceae Info, includes much recent taxonomic discussion and a full list of about 250 genera; also numerous photos

Malvaceae sensu stricto:

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