Mahalla
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A mahalla (sometimes transliterated makhallya) is an urban division in Uzbekistan. Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Today, they are formal structures run by committees (headed by chairs called "aqsaqals") and regulated by the government. Human rights groups have accused the Karimov government of using mahallas to control the population, repress dissent, force resettlement, and persecute religious minorities.