Macedonism

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Cover of "Ethnological differences between Macedonians and Bulgarians" (Macedonian: "Етногенетските разлики помеѓу Македонците и Бугарите") by Alexander Donski. Pictured on the left column are: Alexander the Great, Gotse Delchev and Metodija Andonov Cento. On the right column: two alleged pictures of Middle Age bulgars, and the late Todor Zhivkov
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Cover of "Ethnological differences between Macedonians and Bulgarians" (Macedonian: "Етногенетските разлики помеѓу Македонците и Бугарите") by Alexander Donski. Pictured on the left column are: Alexander the Great, Gotse Delchev and Metodija Andonov Cento. On the right column: two alleged pictures of Middle Age bulgars, and the late Todor Zhivkov
The region of Macedonia as perceived by Macedonian irredentists. Ethnic Macedonian nationalists have expressed irredentist claims to what they refer to as "Aegean Macedonia" (Greece), "Pirin Macedonia" (Bulgaria), "Mala Prespa and Golo Brdo" (Albania), and "Gora and Prohor Pchinski" (Serbia) despite the fact that ethnic Greeks, Bulgarians, Albanians and Serbs form the majority of the population of each region respectively. This map expresses a major claim of the supporters of Macedonism, who insist that the region of Macedonia is predominantly populated by ethnic Macedonians.
Enlarge
The region of Macedonia as perceived by Macedonian irredentists. Ethnic Macedonian nationalists have expressed irredentist claims to what they refer to as "Aegean Macedonia" (Greece), "Pirin Macedonia" (Bulgaria), "Mala Prespa and Golo Brdo" (Albania), and "Gora and Prohor Pchinski" (Serbia) despite the fact that ethnic Greeks, Bulgarians, Albanians and Serbs form the majority of the population of each region respectively. This map expresses a major claim of the supporters of Macedonism, who insist that the region of Macedonia is predominantly populated by ethnic Macedonians.
For the religious terminology see Macedonianism.

Macedonism (Macedonian and Serbian: Македонизам, Bulgarian: Македонизъм) is a term mostly used in Bulgaria, and to some extent in Greece (Kofos) and in Republic of Macedonia (Srbinovski, Markovski, the Radko organization) to describe the perceived negative aspects of the ideology of the Macedonian National Movement, notably its alleged historical revisionism.

Contents

[edit] Introduction

In an extreme context, the word itself means that there is no true, but only contrived Macedonian nationhood, an ideological mindset imposed by Yugoslav socialism (Titoism). In Bulgaria, to some extent in Greece and the Republic of Macedonia, this term is used to describe either a political ideology or a form of ethnic nationalism and a regional linguistic separatist movement, according to which the Slavic-speaking population in Macedonia forms a separate ethnic group, possessing unique language and separate history, independent first and foremost of the Bulgarian, and to a lesser extent from the Serbian and Greek language and history respectively. In Greece this term is used almost exclusively by Kofos in the context of United Macedonia related subjects. [1]

The term is chiefly a Balkan regionalism, rarely used in the English historiography. It is found neither in Encyclopedia Britanica nor in the Oxford English Dictionary.

In the article The Macedonian Question by Petko Rachev Slaveikov, published on 18th January 1871 in the "Macedonia" newspaper in Constaninople by Petko Rachev Slaveikov, Macedonism was criticized, his adherents were named Macedonists, and this is the earliest surviving indirect reference to it, although Slaveykov never used the word Macedonism. The term's first recorded use is from 1887 by Stojan Novakovic to describe Macedonism as a potential ally for the Serbian strategy to expand its territory toward Macedonia, assimilating population regarded by almost all neutral sources as Bulgarian at the time (See Demographic history of Macedonia).

[edit] Issues

This term is widely used in Bulgaria due to the Bulgarian reaction against perceived attempts at falsification of history by the Republic of Macedonia. It is often used by nationalists, like Dr. Bozhidar Dimitrov, the author of The Ten Lies of Macedonism. The term is also used in the Republic of Macedonia, mainly to address issues raised by the critics of Macedonism, though in some cases it used to describe the emergence of Serbian propaganda in Macedonia in the late 19th century.

The term can also be used as an epithet Bulgarians or their supporters against any Macedonians from the Republic of Macedonia seeking to downplay their connections with Bulgarians, or in some way exert claims of separate Macedonian heritage over certain groups of people outside the Republic of Macedonia - e.g. "macedonistic organization", "macedonistic orientation".

Generally, the term is considered a prejudice by many ethnic Macedonians, as well as being offensive and directly attacking the Republic of Macedonia. It is claimed that it is prevalently used in Bulgaria, as a direct expression of the claim that the Macedonians are in fact part of the Bulgarian ethnic group, as well as that it represents an indoctrinative idea. Ethnic Macedonians rather use the term Macedonian National Movement.

According to the critics of Macedonism, its usage of historical sources and documents is generally selective and inconsistent, as anything adverse to the Macedonistic perspective is deemed to be foreign (usually Bulgarian, Greek or Serbian) propaganda, with the intent to deny the Macedonian nation (see also petitio principii).

For example, throughout high schools in the Republic of Macedonia, the organization of revolutionaries from the late 19th century is presented under the name Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees, and the existence of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees is not mentioned. Until the early 1990's the name of the collection entitled Bulgarian Folk Songs by Miladinov Brothers was presented as Macedonian Folk Songs. In addition, the Bulgar ancestry of Bulgarians is overemphasized, at the expense of the predominant slavic ancestry. Similarly, the alleged Ancient Macedonian ancestry of ethnic Macedonians is overemphasized at the expense of their partial Bulgar ancestry, and to some extent of their predominantly Slavic ancestry.

Nonetheless, the following statements about Macedonism are made:

[edit] Ethnicity

It has been claimed by the supporters of Macedonism that the Slav-speaking inhabitants of the contemporary region of Macedonia constitute a separate ethnic group (regardless of their self-determination). In other words, ethnicity is prescribed on a regional basis, rather than being self-expressed. Additionally, the Macedonian ethnic group is the only indigenous ethnic group to Macedonia, with the Greeks (historically known as Macedonians in this region), at present forming the majority of the population of Macedonia, being immigrants (or the descendants of immigrants) settled in Aegean Macedonia by the Greek government in the 1920s in order to alter the ethnic composition, which Macedonism supporters claim to have been ethnic Macedonian before the event.

The critics of this claim usually ignore the concept of self determination [citation needed]. Ethic Macedonian organizations in Greece and Bulgaria have reported official harassment. The Bulgarian Constitutional Court banned a small Macedonian political party in 2000, convicting it as separatist and financed by the government of the Republic of Macedonia.

[edit] Historical basis of ethnicity

[edit] Claims

It has been claimed by the supporters of Macedonism that the inhabitants of the Republic of Macedonia are largely the descendants of the Ancient Macedonians, because of which claims are made over various insignia from the kingdom of Macedon, notably the Vergina Star, which is presented as "symbol of all ethnic Macedonians"

There existed a distinct Macedonian ethnic group in the Middle Ages, culminating with the rule of Tsar Samuil and his Macedonian/Slavic kingdom, despite Samuil being internationally recognized as "King of all Bulgarians" and various stone tablets and historic references from the time period confirming the Bulgarian ethnic character of his kingdom. The general consesus is that Tsar Samuil was indeed ruler of Bulgaria, fact stated by Byzantine historians from the period, as well as confirmed by the Bitola inscription.

The name Bulgarian meant Christian or Slav before the beginning of the 20th century, instead of referring to the Bulgarian people. For that reason, people born in the region such as Goce Delchev, Kuzman Shapkarev and Grigor Parlichev were declaring that they are Bulgarian. Also Macedonists use this claim to explain the fact that no Macedonians were recorded in any census conducted prior to the 1920s, rather a mixture of Albanians, Aromanians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Serbs and Turks. See Demographic history of Macedonia#Statistical data.

[edit] Comments

[edit] Antiquity

It is indisputable that in the Macedonian ethnogenesis, Slavic component is significant. However according to Macedonian Slav authors, there is rich oral tradition mentioning Justinian I [1] , Alexander the Great , Phillip II, even Karanus of Macedon [2] founder of Macedon 8th century BC. There are no tales about Bulgarian tsars on the other hand, including Tsar Samuil [citation needed], whatever that might imply about the origins of the Macedonian people. This does not explain why overwhelming number of the intelectuals in 19th century were linking the origin of Macedonian people with Ancient Macedonians [citation needed]. This was, according to the supporters of Macedonism, confirmed with the proclamation of Kresna Uprising. On the other hand, the Bulgarian side specifies that the folklore sources about Alexander the Great is widespread in the wide region - right up to Far East and there is at least one folksong from Macedonia about the last ruler of the Second Bulgarian Empire Ivan Shishman.

With regard to the origins of the Bulgarian people, Macedonists attempt to emphasize the distinction between the Macedonian and Bulgarian ethnic group by claiming the present Bulgarian people are predominantly the descendants of the proto-bulgars, rather than Slavs. Various other statements are made in the literature, including the claim that present day Bulgarians are tatars[3], generally ignoring the fact that Bulgaria had become a predominantly Slav country by the late 9th century.[4]A typical Macedonistic slogan is "Bulgarians are Tatars".

Ethnic composition in 1905
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Ethnic composition in 1905

[edit] Bulgaria under Tsar Samuil

According to Macedonian and other historians from the former Yugoslavia, Samuil Empire had some unique differences from its predecessors . For more details, see the Samuil of Bulgaria#Other theories. There are number of documents mentioning Macedonians, which according to the Macedonists refer to the Macedonian ethnic group, rather than collectively to people in the region of Macedonia. Macedonian people were first mentioned in 1027 („natio macedonum“) in the three most important documents of Bari (Annales Barenses, Lupi Protospatharii и Anonymi barensis chronicon.). Macedonians as an ethnic group were first mentioned in early 13th century (J. Pitra, Analecta sacra et classica specilegio Solesmensi parta, t. VI Juris ecclesiastici graecorum selecta paralipomena). Cardinal J. Rita in (Collection of Canon laws Parissis et Romae 1891, col. 315) there are 50 family with Macedonian ethnicity during Ohrid Archbishop Demetrius Homatian (1216-1235). Similar mention of this time can be find at Bulgarian historian D. Angelov work (Prinot KJM Narodostite i Pozemleni Otnoshenja vo Makedonija pp. 11-12 et. seq.; 43). The manifesto of Leopold I from 1690 invited Macedonian people to be under imperial protection (along with separate letters made for Bulgaria and Serbia) [5]. Generally, prior to the beginning of the 20th century the adjective "Macedonian" was used either as a regional designator or with regard to the Ancient Macedonians.

Ethnic composition in c. 1870
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Ethnic composition in c. 1870

Regarding the Bitola Inscription the critics points that the word “by birth” in the Slavic languages shows the origin (geographical, ethnic, confessional, religious. Many parallel in that relation could be found in Byzantium, for Romei, Macedonians, Thracians etc. by birth). Regarding Samuil origin, despite Bitola Inscription , there are four theories: Armenian, Bulgar, Brsjak, or Christianized Jew.[citation needed] The Bulgarian historians look at the mentioning about some Macedonians in the Middle Ages as an exception - on the background of the frequent indications about Bulgarians in Macedonia in these times. Often the term Macedonians is interpreted as a regional term or as an ajective remained from Antiquity without any ethnical sense like many other ancient names: Moesians, Scythians, Tribals etc. - terms used about many different peoples in the Middle Ages (Bulgarians, Serbians, Cumans and others)

Ethnic composition in c. 1923
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Ethnic composition in c. 1923

[edit] The Ottoman Empire

The millets of the Ottoman Empire were not homogenous, and there were often divisions within them. Sources from that period use terms such as "party," "side," and "wing" when referring to various Christian camps. Scholars from that period distinguished between Greeks, Vlachs, Albanians, Bulgarians and Serbs, although frequently, all Slavs of Macedonia were recorded as Bulgarians. Serbian policy in Macedonia had a distinctively anti-Bulgarian flavour, and aimed to prevent the Bulgarian Exarchate (established in 1870) influencing the inhabitants of Macedonia; this would have the effect of justifying Serbian territorial claims over Macedonia.

While the Bulgarian scientists focused on eliminating any ethnic diversity between the Slavs of Macedonia and the Slavs in Moesia and Thrace, Serbian propaganda was aimed at preventing the Slavic-speaking Macedonians from acquiring Bulgarian identity. According to David Kertzer, at that time, Bulgarian and Serbian nationalists would present the Slavic languages of Macedonia as dialects of their own languages. This situation prompted certain intellectuals from that period such as Krste Misirkov to mention the necessity of creating a Macedonian national identity which would distinguish the Macedonian Slavs from Bulgarians, Serbians or Greeks, there is no evidence those people from the region who declared as Bulgarians (Goce Delchev, Kuzman Shapkarev and Grigor Parlichev and others) ever had any other identity than Bulgarian. The perception of the existence of a Macedonian ethnicity at that time or earlier in the absence of any evidence emerges as a historical hindsight.

Kuzman Shapkarev writes to Marin Drinov in 1888 with regard to the usage of the words Macedonian and Bulgarian:[6]

"But even stranger is the name Macedonians, which was imposed on us only 10 to 15 years ago by outsiders, and not as something by our own intellectuals... Yet the people in Macedonia know nothing of that ancient name, reintroduced today with a cunning aim on the one hand and a stupid one on the other. They know the older word: "Bugari", although mispronounced: they have even adopted it as peculiarly theirs, inapplicable to other Bulgarians. You can find more about this in the introduction to the booklets I am sending you. They call their own Macedono-Bulgarian dialect the "Bugarski language", while the rest of the Bulgarian dialects they refer to as the "Shopski language".

[edit] Minority populations

[edit] Claims

It has been claimed by Macedonists that there exist large and oppressed ethnic Macedonian minorities in the region of Macedonia, located in neighboring Albania (up to 350,000 people), Bulgaria (up to 200,000, mainly in Blagoevgrad Province), Greece (up to 1 million in Greek Macedonia) and Serbia (about 20,000 in Pčinja District). Because of those claims, irredentist proposals are being made calling for the expansion of the borders of the Republic of Macedonia to encompass the territories allegedly populated with ethnic Macedonians, either directly or through initial independence of Blagoevgrad province and Greek Macedonia, followed by their incorporation into a single state. (See United Macedonia). The population of the neighboring regions is presented as "subdued" to the propaganda of the governments of those neighbouring countries, and in need of "liberation".

[edit] Comments

Because separate ethnic status of Macedonians is by some accounts not fully recognized in Bulgaria and Greece [2], there can be only speculation about the actual numbers, including the possibility that there is no Macedonian minority at all in those countries. In the censi of 1948 and 1956, where according to Macedonian Slav sources, Macedonians in Bulgaria were allowed to declare freely, and according to Bulgarians were forced under pressure from Moscow as a step towards planned incorporation of the entire region of Macedonia in Yugoslavia, showed overwhelming majority in Blagoevgrad Province. However, in subsequent censi, following the Tito-Stalin split, and at present where Bulgaria is in the process of acceding to the European Union, only a small number of ethnic Macedonians were recorded. In the latest census of 2001 there were 5071 ethnic Macedonians recorded.

The supporters of Macedonism generally ignore censi conducted in Albania, Bulgaria and Greece, which show minimal presence of ethnic Macedonians. They consider those censi flawed, without presenting evidence in support, and accusing the governments of neighboring countries of continued propaganda. Additionally, the presence of ethnic Greeks in Macedonia has been documented for centuries before the 1920s, with the Ottoman census of 1911 showing Greeks as being the largest Christian population in the vilayets of Thessaloniki and Bitola, even superseding Bulgarians (ethnic Macedonians were not recorded). According to Encyclopædia Britannica, Macedonia had an ethnic Greek composition before the arrival of the Slavs in the 6th century - the claim that the only Greeks in Macedonia are the immigrants of the 1920s, has no basis in fact. Additionally, in the Encyclopædia Britannica article on the region of Macedonia in Greece, in the list of ethnic groups inhabiting the region (Greeks, Roma etc), ethnic Macedonians are not included.

[edit] Censi

According to Macedonists, the statistical data available concerning turn of the century Macedonia serves graphically to underscore the fact that such data are extremely unreliable, in order to explain the fact that no "Macedonians" were recorded in censi conducted prior to the beginning of the 20th century, rather Albanians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Turks, Vlachs and Jews. According to them, most figures are based upon the estimates of politically motivated parties who used them as an exercise for numerical manipulation for political ends. [7]

[edit] Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid

The Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid is according to the supporters of Macedonism a church established to support ethnic Macedonians during the Middle Ages, independent of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The claim is closely related to that of the non-Bulgarian character of kingdom of Samuil.

[edit] Serbian Invention

Many critics claim that Macedonism is a Serbian invention, not just of the word, but the very concept. They argue that without Serbian support, the idea of separate Macedonian conscience would have never prevailed. However, according to the supporters of Macedonism, every Serbian action was a well calculated move in the opposite direction.[citation needed]

After their unexpected defeat in Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885, Serbia decisively determined her position on Macedonia. Propaganda in Macedonia was systematically expanded. Serbian ethnographers produced maps of Macedonia claiming that the Serbians made up the principal element in Macedonia [8]. In 1886 the St Sava Association was set up, seeking to establish Serbian schools in Macedonia.

Serbian religious propaganda began to penetrate Macedonia from the mid-1880s. It sought to substitute Bulgarian influence in central and northern Macedonia with their own. Serbia and Greece were natural allies in fighting the Bulgarian propaganda. This is plainly seen through an agreement accomplished between Pezas, the Greek Consul at Bitola and Ristich, the Serbian Consul. The agreement set that north of Prilep and Krushevo, the Serbian movement could act without obstruction, and the Serbs could rely on Greek support. South of Bitola, however, Serbian propaganda would be forbidden, but the Greek movement could rely on Serbian support. Lastly, in the region between Prilep, Krushevo and Bitola, ‘Greeks and Serbians would work together to subdue the Bulgarian movement [9]. The recipient of Novakovich letter, Vladan Djordjevich was sent in 1891 to Athens as a Serbian envoy to propose joint action by Serbia and Greece against the Exarchate. [10].

From the beginning of 20th century, Serbian armed bands were sent to Macedonia under the direct control of Serbian government. [11]. From 1905, Serbian armed bands were controlled by ‘Serbian Defense Chief Committee’ in Belgrade. Like the Greek bands, the Serbs also attempted to ‘encourage’ villages to abandon the Exarchate. For example, by April 1905, ‘they had persuaded twenty-four villages to petition for Patriarchistic registration’. [12]

Newspapers published by Macedonian émigré communities in Serbia advocating an autonomous Macedonia or a distinct Macedonina conscience were banned from sale. B. Mokrov, and T. Gruevski, Pregled na Makedonskiot Pechat (1885–1992)

Whatever considerations Serbia had related to supporting Macedonism, their actions, until 1944 at least, when the People's Republic of Macedonia was established and there was active promotion of a distinct Macedonian identity, were aimed to complete suppression of distinctive Macedonian conscience and direct Serbianisation.

[edit] Quotes

[edit] About the term Macedonism

  • Since the Bulgarian idea, as we all very well know, has deep roots in Macedonia, I think that it is impossible to exterminate it if we oppose to it the Serbian idea alone. I doubt that this idea will be able to suppress the Bulgarian idea as long as it is a mere confrontation. Therefore, we would greatly profit from an ally, sharply confronted with Bulgarianism, and including in itself elements that would attract the people and which would be intimate to his feelings - it is precisely they that will split it from Bulgarianism. This ally in my view is Macedonism, or in definite and wisely set boundaries, presentation of Macedonian dialect and Macedonian specifics. There is nothing more opposing to Bulgarian tendencies than this — there is no other situation where Bulgarians can find themselves in more unrest than against Macedonism.
    • Serbian professor and politician Stojan Novakovich; excerpt of letter to Vladan Djordjevich, minister of education of Serbia, 1887 [13]
  • At this time of intense Bulgarian and Greek ecclesiastic and cultural propaganda, in Macedonia a new face of the Serbian ecclesiastic and cultural propaganda appears — Macedonism.
    • Miodrag Drugovac, Друговац, Миодраг. Историjа на македонската книжевност ХХ век, 1990, a Socialist Republic of Macedonia of former Yugoslavia textbook[14]
  • Macedonism is an attempt at neutralization of the Bulgarian and Greek influences.
    • Drugovac, Друговац, Миодраг. Историjа на македонската книжевност ХХ век[14]

[edit] About the term Macedonist

  • The Macedonian question has at last reached the public and the press. We say 'at last', because this question is not a new problem. We heard it from some people from Macedonia as long as about ten years ago. We first considered the words of those young patriots...[..] of our not so serious disputes. We had also thought so until a year or two ago, when new discussions with some Macedonians showed us that the problem was not only vain words, but an idea that many would like to put into practice. And we were sorry and it was difficult for us to hear such words, because the problem seemed to us a highly delicate one, especially in the conditions in which we found ourselves.
    • Petko Racev Slaveykov, "The Macedonian Question", Macedonia (Constantinople newspaper)
    • one of the earliest known references to the word "Macedonist"
  • Some Macedonists distinguish themselves from the Bulgarians upon another basis -- they are pure Slavs, while the Bulgarians are Tartars and so on... In order to give credibility to their arbitrary view, the Macedonists point out the difference between the Macedonian and High Bulgarian dialects, of which the former is closer to the Slav language while the latter is mixed with Tartarisms, etc.
    • Slaveykov, "The Macedonian Question", Macedonia

[edit] References

  1. ^ Shapkarev 1889, p. 154
  2. ^ Isaija Mazhovski, Spomeni, Sofia, 1922
  3. ^ А.Х.Халиков „Што сме ние: Бугари или Татари?
  4. ^ GRIECHISCHE GESCHICHTE - von den Anfaengen bis zum Hellenismus, C.H.Beck oHG, Muenchen 1995; ISBN 3-406-45014-8
  5. ^ J. Ronic, Prilozi za istoriju Srba u Ugarskoj u XVI, XVII и XVIII veku, Prva Knjiga, Matice srpske, br 25 - 26, Novi Sad , p. 52-53
  6. ^ Makedonski pregled, IX, 2, 1934, p. 55; the original letter is kept in the Marin Drinov Museum in Sofia, and it is available for examination and study
  7. ^ D.M. Perry, The Politics of Terror - The Macedonian Liberation Movements 1893–1903, London, 1988, op. cit. p 19
  8. ^ Veselinovic, 1886 , Karich 1887, Gopchevich 1889, Ivanic 1908
  9. ^ Vakalopoulos,Modern History of Macedonia 1830-1912, Thessaloniki, 1988, pp. 184-185
  10. ^ M.B. Petrovich, A History of Modern Serbia 1804–1918, New York, 1976, p. 497.
  11. ^ B. Petrovich, op. cit. p. 546.
  12. ^ D. Dakin, op. cit. p. 241
  13. ^ Дипломатски архив — Дубровник, ПП одель., ф. I — 251/1888 г.
  14. ^ a b Друговац, Миодраг. Историjа на македонската книжевност ХХ век, Скопиje 1990, с. 73

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Shapkarev 1889, p. 154
  2. ^ Isaija Mazhovski, Spomeni, Sofia, 1922
  3. ^ А.Х.Халиков „Што сме ние: Бугари или Татари?
  4. ^ GRIECHISCHE GESCHICHTE - von den Anfaengen bis zum Hellenismus, C.H.Beck oHG, Muenchen 1995; ISBN 3-406-45014-8
  5. ^ J. Ronic, Prilozi za istoriju Srba u Ugarskoj u XVI, XVII и XVIII veku, Prva Knjiga, Matice srpske, br 25 - 26, Novi Sad , p. 52-53
  6. ^ Makedonski pregled, IX, 2, 1934, p. 55; the original letter is kept in the Marin Drinov Museum in Sofia, and it is available for examination and study
  7. ^ D.M. Perry, The Politics of Terror - The Macedonian Liberation Movements 1893–1903, London, 1988, op. cit. p 19
  8. ^ Veselinovic, 1886 , Karich 1887, Gopchevich 1889, Ivanic 1908
  9. ^ Vakalopoulos,Modern History of Macedonia 1830-1912, Thessaloniki, 1988, pp. 184-185
  10. ^ M.B. Petrovich, A History of Modern Serbia 1804–1918, New York, 1976, p. 497.
  11. ^ B. Petrovich, op. cit. p. 546.
  12. ^ D. Dakin, op. cit. p. 241
  13. ^ Дипломатски архив — Дубровник, ПП одель., ф. I — 251/1888 г.
  14. ^ a b Друговац, Миодраг. Историjа на македонската книжевност ХХ век, Скопиje 1990, с. 73

[edit] References

  • Topolinjska, Z. (1998). "In place of a foreword: facts about the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian language" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Issue 131. pp. 1-11

[edit] External links

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