M. Carey Thomas

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M(artha) Carey Thomas (January 2, 1857-December 2, 1935) was an American educator, founder and second President of Bryn Mawr College and an ardent suffragist.

Carey Thomas, as she preferred to be called, was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She was the daughter of James Carey Thomas and Mary Whitall Thomas. Her family included many prominent Quakers, including her uncle and aunt Robert Pearsall Smith and Hannah Whitall Smith, and her cousins Alys Pearsall Smith (first wife of Bertrand Russell) and Mary Smith Berenson Costelloe (who married Bernard Berenson).

Growing up, Thomas was strongly influenced by the staunch feminism of her mother and her mother's sister Hannah Whitall Smith. Her father, a physician, was not completely happy with feminist ideas, but his daughter was fiercely independent and he supported her in all of her independent endeavors. Though both her parents were orthodox members of the Society of Friends, Thomas' education and European travel led her to question those beliefs and develop a love for music and theater, both of which were forbidden to orthodox Quakers. This religious questioning led to friction with her mother.

Thomas graduated from Cornell University in 1877. She did graduate work at Johns Hopkins University but withdrew because she was not permitted to attend classes. She did further graduate work at the University of Leipzig, but that university did not grant degrees to women. She then went to the University of Zurich and earned a Ph.D. in linguistics, summa cum laude, in 1882 for her dissertation which was a philological analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. She then spent some time in Paris, where she attended lectures by Gaston Paris at the Sorbonne, and then went back home to the United States.

In 1884, Thomas became dean of the college and chair of English at the new Bryn Mawr College for women. Thomas was the first female dean in the United States.

In 1894, the first president of the college, James Rhoads, retired, and Thomas was narrowly elected to succeed him. She was president until 1922 and remained as Dean until 1908.

In 1908, she became the first president of the National College Women's Equal Suffrage League. She was also a leading member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. After 1920 she advocated the policies of the National Woman's Party. She was one of the early promoters of an equal rights amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Thomas lived for many years in a close relationship with her friend and housemate Mamie Gwinn. After Gwinn left Thomas in 1904 to marry (a love triangle fictionalized in Gertrude Stein's Fernhurst), Thomas took up housekeeping with the philanthropist Mary Garrett, with whom Thomas shared the campus home, living together until Garrett's death.

Thomas died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is buried on the Bryn Mawr College campus in the cloisters of the Thomas Library.