Lusitanians
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| History of Portugal series |
|---|
|
| Topics |
|
| Timeline of Portuguese history |
The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were a tribe, or various tribes, from the western Iberian peninsula, which became the Roman province of Lusitania). They spoke a Lusitanian language. The modern Portuguese see the Lusitanians as their ancestors of the modern living in the western portion of the Iberian peninsula. The most notable among the Lusitanians was Viriathus.
The Lusitanians may have come from the Alps and established themselves in the region in the 6th century BCE. But historians and archeologists largely discuss their ethnic origins. Some modern authors consider them to be autochthonous and initially dominated by the Celts, before gaining full independence from them.
The investigator Lambrino proposed that the Lusitanians were a tribal group of Celt origin related to the Lusones that inhabited the east of Iberia. Possibly, both tribes came from the Swiss mountains. But some rather prefer to see the Lusitanians as a native Iberian tribe, resulting of intermarriage between different tribes.
The first area colonized by the Lusitanians was probably the Douro valley and the region of Beira Alta; in Beira they stayed until they defeated the Celts and other tribes, then they expanded to cover a territory that reached Estremadura before the arrival of the Romans.
Originally the Roman province of Lusitania included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were later ceded to the jurisdiction of new Provincia Tarraconensis and the former remained as Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. Its northern border was along the Douro, while on its eastern side its border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (Guadiana) river.
Contents |
[edit] Culture
The Lusitanians are classified as, at least, having being influenced by Celtic culture. Theirs was a developed culture, although not as developed as the Romans and Greeks, but they became infamous to the Romans due to their surprising capacity in fighting them; it is by this Roman perspective that we know about this people.
The Lusitanians used such weapons as the dagger, the iron-made javelin, and the brass spear. They greased their bodies, and used vapour baths before bathing more properly in cold water; and usually ate once a day. They sacrified to Cariocecus, god of war: not just prisoners but also horses and goats. They practiced gymnastic exercises such as boxing and racing, combat simulations on foot and on horse; Lusitanians practiced monogamy and usually took one wife. They used boats made of leather, or from harvested lumber.
Early Roman records classify them as Carthaginian mercenaries; this arose from early reports that there were reports of Lusitanians fighting alongside the Carthaginians in the Pyrenees on the way to Rome.
The Lusitanians lived in a small quadrangular houses (round in the north) of a single floor, made of stones. Their clothes were made of wool or of goat skin. They used necklaces, bracelets and other jewels made of gold. They made their jewels using a filigree method, or by hammering.
Wine was only used in festivities and they usually drank water, goats milk, or beer.
[edit] Religion
The Lusitanians worshipped various gods in a very chaotic polytheism, using animal sacrifice. They represented their gods and warriors in rudimentary sculpture. Endovelicus was the most important god: his cult eventually spread across the Iberian peninsula and beyond, to the rest of the Roman Empire and his cult maintained until the 5th century; he was the god of public health and safety. Goddess Ataegina was especially popular in the south, and she was the Goddess of rebirth (Spring), fertility, nature, and cure, during the Roman era was venerated as being Proserpina. Lusitanian mythology was related to Celtic mythology, and during later Roman rule it also became heavily influenced by Roman mythology, as Romans also started venerating Lusitanian gods. Runesocesius, the javelin god, was also an important god, and often formed the supreme trinity in the Lusitanian pagan religion with Endovelicus and Ataegina.
The Lusitanians practiced the cult of the dead, and used cremation.
[edit] Language
The Lusitanian language was a paleo-Iberian, Indo-European language with particular characteristics, different from the languages spoken in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, being more archaic than the Celt-Iberian language.
The filiation of the Lusitanian language is still in debate: there are those who endorse that it is a Celtic language with an obvious "celticity" to most of the lexicon, over many anthroponyms and toponyms. A second theory relates Lusitanian with the Italic languages; based on a relation of the name of Lusitanian deities with other grammatical elements of the area. Finally, Ulrich Schmoll proposed a new branch to which he named "Galician-Lusitanian".
[edit] Tribes
The Lusitanians were primarily a single tribe that lived between the rivers Douro and Tagus. Later, the name Lusitania was adopted by ancient Calaicians or Gallaeci (tribes living in the north of Douro River) and other closely surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to all the local people fighting the Roman rule - but also because they were all culturally and ethnically very similar. Most of these tribes were from the north of the Douro river.
Tribes, often known by their Latin names, living in the area of Portugal prior to the Roman rule:
- Bracari - living between the rivers Tâmega and Cávado, in the area of the modern city of Braga;
- Callaici -living north of the River Douro;
- Celtici - Celts living in Alentejo;
- Coelerni - living in the mountains between the rivers Tua and Sabor;
- Cynetes or Conii - living in the Algarve and the south of Alentejo;
- Equaesi - living in the most mountainous region of modern Portugal;
- Grovii - a mysterious tribe living in the Minho valley;
- Interamici - living in Trás-os-Montes and in the border areas with Galicia (in modern Spain);
- Leuni - living between the rivers Lima and Minho;
- Luanqui - living between the rivers Tâmega and Tua;
- Lusitani - being the most numerous and dominant of the region;
- Limici - living in the swamps of the river Lima, on the border between Portugal and Galicia);
- Narbasi - living in the north of modern Portugal (interior) and nearby area of southern Galicia;
- Nemetati - living north of the Douro Valley in the area of Mondim;
- Paesuri - a dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living between the rivers Douro and Vouga;
- Quaquerni - living in the mountains at the mouths of rivers Cavado and Tâmega;
- Seurbi - living between the rivers Cávado and Lima (or even reaching the river Minho);
- Tamagani - from the area of Chaves, near the river Tâmega;
- Tapoli - another dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living north of the river Tagus, on the border between modern Portugal and Spain;
- Turduli - in the east of Alentejo (Guadiana Valley);
- Turduli Veteres - the "ancient Turduli" living south of the estuary of the river Douro;
- Turdulorum Oppida - Turduli living in the Portuguese region of Estremadura;
- Turodi - living in Trás-os-Montes and bordering areas of Galicia;
- Vettones - living in the Spanish provinces of Ávila and Salamanca, as well as parts of Zamora, Toledo and Cáceres;
- Zoelae - living in the mountains of Serra da Nogueira, Sanabria and Culebra, up to the mountains of Mogadouro in northern Portugal and adjacent areas of Galicia.
[edit] War with the Romans and eventual Romanisation
| Roman conquest of Hispania |
|---|
| Second Punic War - First Celtiberian War – Third Punic War – Lusitanian War - Numantine War – Sertorian War – Cantabrian Wars |
Since 193 BCE, the Lusitanians had been fighting the Romans. In 150 BCE, they were defeated by Praetor Servius Galba: springing a clever trap, he killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves in Gaul (modern France). Three years later (147 BCE), Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and severely damaged the Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. In 139 BCE Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (that had been sent as emissaries to the Romans), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Pompilius Lenas. However, When Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus return to receive their reward by the Romans, the Consul Servilius Cipianus ordered their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors".
After Viriathus' rule, the Lusitanians became largely romanised and more interbred with them, acquiring Roman culture and language; the Lusitanian cities, in a manner similar to those of the rest of the romanised Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "Citizens of Rome". The Portuguese language itself is a local evolution of the Roman language, Latin.
