Ludovisi Throne
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The Ludovisi Throne is not a throne but a block of white marble hollowed at the back and carved with bas-reliefs on the three outer faces. Its authenticity is debated; the majority, who accept it, place it as Western Greek, from Magna Graecia, and date it— from the "Severe style" it manifests, transitional between Archaic and Early Classical— to the period about 460 BCE. The Ludovisi Throne has been conserved at the Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome, since its purchase for the Italian State in 1894.
The central relief depicts Aphrodite rising from the sea, a motif known as Venus Anadyomene. The goddess, in clinging diaphonous draperies, is helped by two attendant Horae standing on the shore, who prepared to veil her with a cloth they jointly hold, which hides her from the waist down. The two reliefs on the flanking sides discreetly turn their backs to the mystery of the central subject. One flanking relief shows a crouching veiled woman who offers incense from a thymiaterion held in her left hand, in an incense burner on a stand. The other shows a nude woman, seated with one knee thrown over the other[1] who plays the double flute called the aulos; her hair is bound in a kerchief.
The iconography of the subject is without a parallel in Antiquity, thus the very subject of the relief is in doubt. An alternative view, since the flanking attendants stand on pebbled ground, is that the emerging figure is that of the ritual robing of a chthonic goddess, probably Persephone, rising from a cleft in the earth. This suggestion was first made in 1922 by Bernard Ashmole, in Journal of Hellenic Studies 42 pp. 248-53.
The Throne was found in 1887, in the formerly extensive grounds of the Villa Ludovisi, where the ancient gardens of Sallust had been located. It was moved into the Villa Ludovisi [2], whence the name.[3] The Ludovisi are a papal family who have been patrons and collectors since the early seventeenth century. Financial difficulties forced a sale of the Ludovisi collections to the Italian State in 1894. The Villa Ludovisi grounds were broken into lots, streets put through and the district developed and unalterably changed (Hatswick 2004). Conclusions about the object's original purpose, the meaning of its reliefs and its place of facture are all debated, but in 1982 it was securely linked to a newly-studied temple at Marasa, near Locri,[4] an Ionic temple of Aphrodite that was rebuilt internally in 480 BCE. A reconstruction of the throne was shown to fit exactly into remaining blocks in the temple's foundations, and it has been suggested that terracotta votive plaques, or pinakes, of cults at Lokri Epizefiri, are the only stylistic parallel to the Throne (Terra 1997).
The only representations of the female nude at this period (c. 460) are on Attic pottery. Criticisms of anomalies in anatomy and detail and doubts of the Ludovisi Throne's authenticity were summed up by Jerome Eisenberg in a 1996 article in Minerva, which asserted, in part, that the hetaira flute-player was derived from a late-sixth-century BCE psykter by Euphronius, published in 1857 in the Hermitage from the Campana collection. Eisenberg noted that the much-later Roman representation of Penelope mourning for Ulysses is the only iconological type in classical sculpture which depicts a woman with legs crossed: the Penelope is fully clothed.
The Ludovisi Throne's less accomplished twin, the "Boston Throne" in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, which appeared in 1894, shortly after the Ludovisi auction and was bought by the connoisseur Edward Perry Warren, who donated it to Boston, is widely doubted. A conference at Palazzo Grassi, Venice, 1996, compared the two objects. Currently it is not on exhibition at Boston. If it is not a forgery of c. 1894, it may be a Roman sculpture designed to complete the Greek one in the context of the gardens of Sallust.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Most references note the anatomical impossibility of the right thigh's positioning.
- ^ The last Ludovisi constructed the palatial new palazzo that was sold to Queen Margherita and now houses the American Embassy
- ^ The name was given to the sculpture in an 1892 article by E. Petersen in Römische Mitteilungen, VII, (1892) pp 31-80.
- ^ Ashmole had linked it to a foundation at Locri in 1922; it was his figure on p. 252.
[edit] References
- Melissa M. Terras, 1997. "The Ludovisi and Boston Throne: a Comparison" A thorough website entirely devoted to the Ludovisi Throne and the Boston Throne.
- "The Birth of Aphrodite" Photograph of the main subject with text of the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite.
- Kim J. Hartswick, 2004. The Gardens of Sallust. A Changing Landscape (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press) A first exploration of the gardens and the site of the Villa Ludovisi.
- H. H. Powers, 1923. "The 'Ludovisi Throne' and the Boston Relief" The Art Bulletin, 5.4 (June 1923), pp 102-108.
- Bernard Ashmole and William J. Young, 1968. "The Boston Relief and the Ludovisi Throne", Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, 66 no. 346, pp 124-66.
