List of revolutions and rebellions

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Scene from the failed Canadian rebellion against British rule in 1837.
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Scene from the failed Canadian rebellion against British rule in 1837.

This is a list of revolutions and rebellions.

Contents

[edit] before 1000

[edit] 1000-1600

See also: Popular revolt in late medieval Europe
The end of the unsuccessful Peasants' Revolt in England 1381. Rebel leader Wat Tyler is killed while Richard II watches, a second image within the painting shows Richard addressing the crowd
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The end of the unsuccessful Peasants' Revolt in England 1381. Rebel leader Wat Tyler is killed while Richard II watches, a second image within the painting shows Richard addressing the crowd

[edit] 1600-1900

  • 1642-1653: the English Revolution commence as a civil war between Parliament and King and culminates in the execution of Charles I and the establishment of a republican Commonwealth succeeded several years later by the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell..
  • 1648: Khmelnytsky_Uprising of Cossacks in Ukraine against Polish nobility in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
  • 1688: The Glorious Revolution overthrow in England of King James II and establishment of a Whig-dominated Protestant constitutional monarchy.
  • 1693: the second Revolta de les Germanies in Valencia, prompted by feudal taxation.
  • 1774-1783: the American Revolution establishes independence of the thirteen North American colonies from Great Britain, creating the republic of the United States of America. A war of independence in that it created one nation from another, it was also a revolution in that it overthrew an existing societal and governmental order: the Colonial government in the Colonies. The American Revolution heavily influenced the French Revolution that followed it and lead to the creation of a Constitutional form of government (see U.S. Constitution).
  • 1780-1782: José Gabriel Condorcanqui, known as Túpac Amaru II, raises an indigenous peasant army in revolt against Spanish control of Peru.
  • 1789: regarded as one of the most influential of all socio-political revolutions, the French Revolution is associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie and the downfall of the aristocracy.
Battle at "Snake Gully" 1802, during the Haitian Revolution against French rule which succeeded in 1804
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Battle at "Snake Gully" 1802, during the Haitian Revolution against French rule which succeeded in 1804

[edit] 1900-1950

Public demonstration in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, during the Young Turk Revolution of 1908
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Public demonstration in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, during the Young Turk Revolution of 1908
Algerian guerrillas using mortar across the Algerian-Tunisian border during the Algerian War of Independence (1958)
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Algerian guerrillas using mortar across the Algerian-Tunisian border during the Algerian War of Independence (1958)
  • 1944-1947: a Communist-friendly government is installed in Bulgaria following a coup d'état and the Soviet invasion. The government was nominally a coalition called the Fatherland Front, but the Communist Party faction consolidated its power with Soviet support until 1947, when Soviet troops withdrew. Many royalist and fascist leaders from the previous Axis regime were given summary trials and executed.
  • 1944: Following the liberation of Albania completed on November 29, the Communist Party of Albania under Enver Hoxha consolidates its control, moves forward with industrialization and modernization, and declares the People's Republic of Albania in January 1946.
  • 1944: liberal revolution in Ecuador
  • 1945: August Revolution led by Ho Chi Minh declares the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from French rule
  • 1945: democratic revolution in Venezuela led by Rómulo Betancourt
  • 1947: Three months after an abortive coup, civil war breaks out in Paraguay. Led by Rafael Franco, the former head of the Febrerista (see above) government displaced in 1937, the rebellion was crushed by the government of dictator Higinio Morínigo. A local commander, Lt. Col. Alfredo Stroessner, seized the presidency in 1954 and ruled until 1989.
  • 1947-1952: In the Albanian Subversion, the intelligence services of the United States and Britain deploy exiled fascists, Nazis, and monarchists (especially members of Balli Kombëtar and the Legaliteti) in a failed attempt to foment a counterrevolution in Communist-ruled Albania. The exiles carried out some sabotage but found little popular support. Some exiles were captured and executed, along with some ordinary Albanians suspected of assisting them.
  • 1948: following the liberation of Korea, Marxist former guerrillas under Kim Il Sung work to rapidly industrialize the country and rid it of the last vestiges of "feudalism."
  • 1949: the Communist-led Chinese Revolution under chairman Mao overthrows the ruling Nationalist Party and establishes the People's Republic of China.
  • 1954-1962: Algerian War of Independence - revolutionary war of independence against French colonialism
  • 1945-1975: civil war in Vietnam

[edit] 1950-2000

Cuban guerilla fighters led by Fidel Castro in the Sierra Maestra mountains during the Cuban Revolution 1956-59
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Cuban guerilla fighters led by Fidel Castro in the Sierra Maestra mountains during the Cuban Revolution 1956-59
  • 1956: Hungarian Revolution, a failed workers' and peasants' revolution against the Soviet-supported communist state in Hungary.
  • 1958: popular revolt in Venezuela against military dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez culminates in a civic-military coup d'état
  • 1958: the Iraqi Revolution led by nationalist soldiers abolishes the British-backed monarchy, executes many of its top officials, and begins to assert the country's independence from both Cold War power blocs.
  • 1959: Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro removes the government of General Fulgencio Batista. By 1962 Cuba had been transformed into a declared socialist republic.
  • 1959: the Tutsi king of Rwanda is forced into exile by Hutu extremists; racial pogroms follow an assassination attempt on Hutu leader Grégoire Kayibanda
  • 1961-1975: Angolan Marxists and other radicals grouped in the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) begin guerrilla attacks on Portuguese infrastructure. With extensive military assistance from Cuba, the MPLA is able to outmaneuver two rival organizations and establish control of Luanda in time for independence on November 11, 1975. Civil war between the MPLA government and the anti-communist UNITA continued on-and-off until 2002, when UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi was killed.
  • 1962-1974: The leftist African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) wages a revolutionary war of independence in Portuguese Guinea. In 1973, the independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau is proclaimed, and the next year the republic's independence is recognized by the reformist military junta in Lisbon.
  • 1962: revolution in northern Yemen overthrows the imam and establishes the Yemen Arab Republic
  • 1963-1967: nationalists in British-ruled Aden, with an eye on recent events in North Yemen and in Palestine, declare war on the British under the umbrella of the National Liberation Front (NLF). The UK hands over control to an independent South Yemen in November 1967. In 1969, moderate President Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi is edged out in favor of more radical socialists, who convoke a constituent assembly and begin to develop the state along Marxist-Leninist lines. The result is the only Communist state in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim country.
  • 1964: following an American school's provocative decision to raise only the flag of the United States, Panamanian students march into the Panama Canal Zone with the flag of Panama. After the latter flag is torn, thousands more become involved, starting huge riots that lasted three days. About 20 people were killed and hundreds more injured.
  • 1964: the Zanzibar Revolution overthrows the 157-year-old Arab monarchy, declares the People's Republic of Zanzibar, and begins the process of unification with Julius Nyerere's Tanganyika
  • 1964: the October Revolution in Sudan, driven by a general strike and rioting, forces President Ibrahim Abboud to transfer executive power to a transitional civilian government and eventually resign.
  • 1964-1975: the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO), formed in 1962, commences a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonialism. Independence is granted on June 25, 1975; however, the Mozambican Civil War complicated the political situation and frustrated FRELIMO's attempts at radical change. The war continued into the early 1990s after the government dropped Marxism as the state ideology.
  • 1966-1976: Cultural Revolution, a maoist-led sociological repression in the People's Republic of China.
  • 1966-1993: A guerrilla warfare is conducted against the repressive government of François Tombalbaye from the Sudan-based group FROLINAT. After the killing of field commander Ibrahim Abatcha in 1968, the movement jettisoned its socialist rhetoric and split into irreconciliable factions that often fought among themselves. Tombalbaye was brought down and executed in a 1975 military coup, and in 1979 the FROLINAT factions established the Transitional Government of National Union (GUNT). This experiment lasted until 1982, when a FROLINAT splinter, led by Hissène Habré, took control of N'Djamena. Supporters of marginalized GUNT president Goukouni Oueddei held out for a few years at Bardai, but the group eventually dissolved; but a new formation, the MPS, continued the civil war and brought to power in 1990 Idriss Déby.
  • 1966-1998: The Ulster Volunteer Force is recreated by militant Protestant British Loyalists in Northern Ireland to wage war against the Irish Republican Army, and the Roman Catholic community at large.
  • 1967-1970: BIAFRA; The former eastern Nigeria unsuccessfully fought for a breakaway republic of Biafra.After the mainly Ibo people of the region suffered pogroms in northern Nigeria the previous year.
Protestors rebelling against Soviet style communism during the Prague Spring of 1968
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Protestors rebelling against Soviet style communism during the Prague Spring of 1968
Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini during the Iranian Revolution of 1979
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Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini during the Iranian Revolution of 1979
  • 1979: Cambodia is liberated from the Khmer Rouge regime by the Vietnam-backed Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
  • 1980: Santo Rebellion in the Anglo-French condominium of New Hebrides. The primary nationalist leader, Father Walter Lini, favored Cold War nonalignment and opposed nuclear weapons in the Pacific. The French resident, Jean-Jacques Robert, who feared that an independent Vanuatu would provide inspiration to similar movements in New Caledonia and French Polynesia, collaborated with an uprising led by Jimmy Stevens' Nagriamel movement in Espiritu Santo. With logistical help and training from supporters of the Phoenix Foundation of the United States, Stevens declared independence as the State of Vemarana. The Nagriamel society had decisively lost elections to the territorial assembly in 1975 and 1979, which revealed its lack of a mass base of support. The revolt was put down by the Vanuatu Mobile Force and Papua New Guinean troops soon after independence was granted on July 30, 1980. [2]
  • 1983: Overthrow of the ruling Conseil de Salut du peuple (CSP) by Marxist forces led by Thomas Sankara in Upper Volta, renamed Burkina Faso in the following year.
  • 1984-1985: Pro-independence FLNKS forces in New Caledonia revolt following an election boycott and occupy the town of Thio from November 1984 to January 1985. Thio is retaken by the French after the assassination of Éloi Machoro, the security minister in the FLNKS provisional government and the primary leader of the occupation.[3]
  • 1986: The 1986 EDSA Revolution peacefully overthrows Ferdinand Marcos after his two decade rule in the Philippines.
  • 1988: Singing Revolution, bloodless overthrow of communist states in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
  • 1989: the violent Caracazo riots in Venezuela. In the next few years, there are two attempted coups and President Carlos Andrés Pérez is impeached.
  • 1989: the Romanian Revolution violently overthrows the communist state in Romania.
  • 1989: the bloodless Velvet Revolution overthrows the communist state in Czechoslovakia.
  • 1996: islamist movement in Afghanistan led by the Taliban
  • 1998: the election in Venezuela of socialist leader Hugo Chávez is called the Bolivarian Revolution.
  • 1998: Indonesian Revolution of 1998

[edit] 2000-today

[edit] References

  1. ^ White, Richard Alan. Paraguay's Autonomous Revolution, 1810-1840. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978.
  2. ^ Robie, David. Blood on their Banner: Nationalist Struggles in the South Pacific. London: Zed Books, Ltd., 1989. pp. 66-80.
  3. ^ Ibid., pp. 116-126.

[edit] See also

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