List of regicides of Charles I
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Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the fifty-nine Commissioners (Judges) who formed the tribunal that tried King Charles I of England and signed his death warrant, along with other officials who participated in his trial or execution, and Hugh Peters an influential republican preacher.
The tribunal was composed of three hereditary peers; four aldermen of the City of London; twenty-two baronets and knights; three generals; thirty-four colonels; the twelve judges of the High Court (who all declined to serve); three sergeants-at-law and representative members of various principalities and the House of Commons.
At the English Restoration in 1660, six Commissioners and four others were found guilty of regicide and executed; one was hanged and nine were hanged, drawn and quartered. In 1662 three more regicides were hanged, drawn and quartered. Some others were pardoned, while a further nineteen served life imprisonment and three already dead at the time of the restoration had their bodies desecrated.
Contents |
[edit] Commissioners
In the order in which they signed the death warrant, the Commissioners were:
Name | At the Restoration in 1660 | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | John Bradshaw, President of the Court | Dead | Posthumous execution; disinterred and hanged, drawn, and quartered |
2. | Lord Grey of Groby | Dead | Died in 1657. |
3. | Oliver Cromwell | Dead | Posthumous execution; disinterred and hanged, drawn, and quartered |
4. | Edward Whalley | Alive | Fled to North America to avoid trial. |
5. | Sir Michael Livesey | Alive | Fled to the Netherlands. |
6. | John Okey | Alive | Fled to Germany, but was arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing. He was tried found guilty and hanged, drawn and quartered in 1662. |
7. | Sir John Danvers | Dead | Died in 1655. |
8. | Sir John Bourchier | Alive | Too ill to be tried and died soon after the Restoration anyway. |
9. | Henry Ireton | Dead | Posthumous execution; disinterred and hanged, drawn, and quartered |
10. | Sir Thomas Mauleverer | Dead | Died 1655. |
11. | Sir Hardress Waller | Alive | Fled to France; later returned and was found guilty. Sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Died 1666 in prison on Jersey. |
12. | John Blakiston | Dead | Died 1649. |
13. | John Hutchinson | Alive | Imprisoned in Sandown Castle, Kent where he died on September 11, 1664 |
14. | William Goffe | Alive | Fled to America. |
15. | Thomas Pride | Dead | Posthumous execution ordered but not carried out. |
16. | Peter Temple | Alive | Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He died in the Tower of London in 1663. |
17. | Thomas Harrison | Alive | First to be found guilty. Was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Saturday the 13 October 1660. He was a leader of the Fifth Monarchists who still posed a threat to the restoration. |
18. | John Hewson | Alive | Fled to Amsterdam. |
19. | Henry Smith | Alive | Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was held in the Tower of London until 1664 and was transported to Mont Orgueil castle in Jersey. |
20. | Sir Peregrine Pelham | Dead | Died in 1650. |
21. | Richard Deane | Dead | Disinterred. |
22. | Robert Tichborne | Alive | Brought to trial, sentenced to death but was reprieved. He spent the rest of life imprisoned in the Tower of London |
23. | Humphrey Edwards | Dead | Died in 1658. |
24. | Daniel Blagrave | Alive | Fled to Aachen, in what is now Germany. |
25. | Owen Rowe | Alive | Brought to trial, sentenced to life imprisonment in the Tower. |
26. | William Purefoy | Dead | Died in 1659. |
27. | Adrian Scroope | Alive | Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660. |
28. | James Temple | Alive | Brought to trial, sentenced to life imprisonment on Jersey. |
29. | Augustine Garland | Alive | Brought to trial, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. |
30. | Edmund Ludlow | Alive | Surrendered to the Speaker of the House of Commons, and then escaped to the Canton of Bern. |
31. | Henry Marten | Alive | Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment in Chepstow Castle. |
32. | Vincent Potter | Alive | brought to trial, he received the death sentence but died before its execution. |
33. | Sir William Constable | Dead | Died in 1655 — however his body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and reburied in a communal burial pit after the Restoration. |
34. | Richard Ingoldsby | Alive | Pardoned. |
35. | William Cawley | Alive | Escaped to Switzerland. |
36. | John Barkstead | Alive | Arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing, extradited and executed in 1662 |
37. | Isaac Ewer | Dead | Died in 1650 or 1651. |
38. | John Dixwell | Alive | Believed dead in England; fled to America. |
39. | Valentine Walton | Alive | Escaped to Germany after being condemned as a Regicide. |
40. | Simon Mayne | Alive | Tried and sentenced to death, he died in the Tower of London in 1661 before his appeal could be heard. |
41. | Thomas Horton | Dead | Family estates confiscated. |
42. | John Jones Maesygarnedd | Alive | Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660. |
43. | John Moore | Dead | In 1649, fought in Ireland against the Marquess of Ormonde and became Governor of Dublin, dying of a fever there in 1650. |
44. | Gilbert Millington | Alive | After Charles's death, remained member of Rump Parliament until Cromwell dissolved it. After the Restoration was himself arraigned and confessed to being "guilty in every way." Tried and sentenced to death, but sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Spent final years in Jersey and died in 1666. |
45. | George Fleetwood | Alive | Brought to trial and sentenced to imprisonment in the Tower of London. He may have been transported to Tangier. |
46. | John Alured | Dead | Died in 1651. |
47. | Robert Lilburne | Alive | Tried 16 October 1660, sentenced to death. Later this was commuted to life imprisonment. Died in prison in August, 1665. |
48. | William Say | Alive | Escaped to Switzerland. |
49. | Anthony Stapley | Dead | Died in 1655. |
50. | Sir Gregory Norton | Dead | Died 1652 |
51. | Thomas Challoner (or Chaloner) | Alive | Excluded from pardon and escaped to the Continent. In 1661, he died at Middelburg in the Netherlands. |
52. | Thomas Wogan | Alive | Held at York Castle until 1664 when he escaped to the Netherlands |
53. | John Venn | Dead | Died in 1650. |
54. | Gregory Clement | Alive | Went into hiding, captured, tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660. |
55. | John Downes | Alive | Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment. |
56. | Thomas Waite | Alive | Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment. |
57. | Thomas Scot | Alive | Fled to Brussels, returned to England, was tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660. Died unrepentant. |
58. | John Carew | Alive | Joined Fifth Monarchists. Tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Monday 15 October 1660. |
59. | Miles Corbet | Alive | Fled to the Netherlands; arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing; extradited; tried; found guilty; and was hanged, drawn and quartered on April 19, 1662. |
[edit] Commissoners who did not sign
Name | At the Restoration in 1660 | Notes |
---|---|---|
James Challoner (or Chaloner) | Alive | Brother of Thomas Challoner |
John Dove | Alive | |
John Fry | Alive | |
Sir James Harrington, 3rd Baronet | Alive | Escaped and died in exile on the European mainland in 1680. Due to an oversight in the Indemnity and Oblivion Act although he lost his title, the baronet passed to the next in line on his death. |
William Hevingham | Alive | Found guilty of treason but successfully petitioned for mercy and was thereafter imprisoned in Windsor Castle until his death in 1678 |
Fra. Lassells | Alive | |
John Lisle | Alive | Escaped to Lausanne in Switzerland but was shot by Irish Royalist Thomas Macdonnel in August 1664. |
Thomas Lister | Alive | |
Nicholas Love | Alive | Escaped to Hamburg. |
Sir Henry Mildmay | Alive | Tried, stripped of his Knighthood and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died before he was due to be transported to Tangier in 1664. |
The Viscount Mounson | Alive | Tried, stripped of his property and imprisoned for life in the Fleet prison where he died in 1673. |
Isaac Penington | Alive | Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in the Tower of London in 1661 |
Sir Gilbert Pickering | Alive | |
Robert Wallop | Alive | Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in the Tower of London in 1667 |
[edit] Associates
Name | Office | At the Restoration in 1660 | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Daniel Axtell | Officer of the Guard | Alive | Tried, found guilty of participating in the regicide; hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn on Thursday 19 October 1660. |
Andrew Broughton | Clerk of the Court | Alive | |
John Cook | Solicitor-General | Alive | Tried, found guilty of regicide; hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Tuesday 16 October 1660. |
Edward Dendy | Serjeant-at-Arms | Alive | |
Dr Isaac Dorislaus | Assistant to the Solicitor-General | Dead | A distinguished scholar from the Netherlands, he was murdered in the Hague in 1649 by royalist refugees. |
Francis Hacker | Officer of the Guard | Alive | Tried, found guilty of signing the execution order; hanged at Tyburn on Thursday 19 October 1660. |
William Hewlett | Captain in the Guard | Alive | Found guilty of regicide at the same trial as Daniel Axtel, but not executed with him. |
Cornelius Holland | Alive | ||
Hercules Huncks | Officer of the Guard | Alive | Refused to sign the order to the executioners, which Hacker did instead. He testified against Axtel and Hacker, and was Pardoned. |
Robert Phayre | Officer of the Guard | Alive | Refused to sign the order to the executioners. Not tried and released in 1662 |
Hugh Peters | Preacher | Alive | Tried, found guilty of inciting regicide; hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Tuesday 16 October 1660. |
John Phelps | Clerk of the Court | Alive | |
Matthew Thomlinson | Officer of the Guard | Alive | Pardoned for showing courtesy to the King and for testifying against Axtel and Hacker |
[edit] Others
- Edmond Harvey was a regicide who died in the Tower of London in 1662.
- Marquis of Argyll Found not guilty of regicide, but guilty of collaboration with Cromwell's government and beheaded 27 May 1661.
- John Lambert was not in London for the trial of Charles I. At the restoration he was found guilty of high treason and remained in custody in Guernsey for the rest of his life.
- Sir Henry Vane the Younger He served on the Council of State during the Interregnum even though he refused to take the oath which expressed approbation (approval) of the king's execution. At the restoration after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662 he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill on 14 June 1662
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- House of Lords Record Office: The Death Warrant of King Charles I
- Complete list of the regicides of Charles I (www.british-civil-wars.co.uk)
[edit] External links
- How many Regicides?
- House of Lords Journal Volume 11 4 June 1660, Proclamation for apprehending the late King's Judges
[edit] Notes
- ↑ J de Morgan, "The Most Notable Trial in Modern History" in H W Fuller (ed) The Green Bag, vol xi, 1899, Boston, 307 at 308. || FOOTNOTE_14
- ↑ The tral of King Charles I – defining moment for our constitutional liberties by The Hon Justice Michael Kirby AC CMG, to the Anglo-Australasian Lawers' association, on January 22 1999.
- ↑ Extacts from the transcript of the October 1660 trail and execution of 10 regicides At the end of the article there is a description of the executions. They were all hanged drawn and quartered apart from Francis Hacker who was hanged.
- ↑ House of Lords Journal Volume 11 7 February 1662 Attainted Persons brought to the Bar