List of enclaves and exclaves

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In political geography, an enclave is a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory, and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually continuous with it. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but the two are not synonymous. See Enclave and exclave for a more detailed definition of Enclave and Exclave.

[edit] Enclaves which are also exclaves

• Argentina — Isla Martin Garcia (34°11′S 58°16′W) is surrounded by Uruguayan territorial waters in the Río de la Plata. In addition, the Argentine island of Apipé is surrounded by Paraguayan territorial waters, as are some small islets.
• Armenia/Azerbaijan — In Armenia, there exist three Azerbaijani exclaves. Barxudarli (41°00′N 45°13′E) and Yuxari Askipara (41°04′N 45°01′E) in north-eastern Armenia. The other one, Karki (39°48′N 44°58′E), is located north of the region of Nakhichevan (which is a detached fragment of Azerbaijan stuck between Armenia, Iran and Turkey). Reciprocally, there exists one Armenian exclave, a village called Artsvashen in north-western Azerbaijan (40°38′N 45°31′E).
• Bangladesh/India — On the India-Bangladesh border in the Indian district of Cooch-Behar, there are 92 Bangladeshi exclaves, with a total area of 47.7 km². Similarly, there are 106 Indian exclaves inside Bangladesh, with a total area of 69.5 km². Twenty-one of the Bangladeshi exclaves are within Indian exclaves, and three of the Indian exclaves are within Bangladeshi exclaves. The largest Indian exclave, Balapara Khagrabari, surrounds a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni, which itself surrounds an Indian exclave called Dahala Khagrabari, of less than one hectare.
• Belgium/Netherlands — The town of Baarle (51°26′N 4°56′E) in the southern Netherlands is made up of the municipality of Baarle-Hertog, a group of 22 Belgian enclaves within the Netherlands; and of the Dutch municipality of Baarle-Nassau, which itself has one enclave in the main body of Belgium and 7 counter-enclaves inside two of the Belgian enclaves.
• Cyprus — The villages of Ormidhia and Xylotymvou (34°59′N 33°47′E) are surrounded by the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. Inside this base, the Dhekalia Power Station also belongs to Cyprus although it's surrounded by British land and is even divided in two by a British road.
• Germany — Büsingen, Germany (47°42′N 8°42′E) is an exclave in the canton of Schaffhausen, northern Switzerland. Germany also has a group of 5 enclaves created by a railway track between the towns of Roetgen and Monschau (south of Aachen) that was granted Belgian sovereignty.
• Israel — Mount Scopus was a true enclave of Israeli territory within East Jerusalem between 1949 and 1967. While Israel has controlled the whole of Jerusalem since 1967, the exact status of East Jerusalem is disputed so Mount Scopus may still be considered an enclave.
• Italy — The town of Campione (45°58′N 8°58′E) is enclaved in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, although in practice it is administered as part of Switzerland. It is part of Swiss customs, uses the Swiss franc, and its inhabitants don't have to pay any income tax to Italy, but it is under Italian sovereignty.
• Kyrgyzstan/Tajikistan/Uzbekistan — The Fergana Valley, a region where the three countries meet, has a large number of enclaves. Barak, a small Kyrgyz village, is surrounded by Uzbekistan. Reciprocally, the Uzbek towns of Sokh (39°58′N 71°08′E) and Shakhimardan as well as the two tiny territories of Qalacha and Khalmion (north of Sokh) are all surrounded by Kyrgyz territory. Also, the Tajik village of Sarvan is in Uzbek territory and the Tajik village of Vorukh (39°52′N 70°39′E) along with another small piece of land near Kairagach are embodied in Kyrgyz land.
• Malawi — Chizumulu Island and Likoma Island are located within Mozambican territorial waters in Lake Malawi.
• Oman/United Arab Emirates — Madha (25°19′N 56°14′E) is an Omani territory enclaved in the UAE, which in turn hosts the tiny territory of Nahwa, a UAE enclave within Madha.
• Russia — In the eastern part of Belarus, the Russian exclave of San'kovo-Medvezh'e (52°29′N 31°33′E) is made up of two villages.
• Spain — The town of Llívia (42°28′N 1°59′E), an exclave in southern France near Font-Romeu, a few kilometers east of the Principality of Andorra.

[edit] Subnational enclaves which are also exclaves

Many of the administrative divisions of the Principality of Liechtenstein have exclaves, some of which are enclaves.

• In Australia, the Australian Capital Territory is an enclave of New South Wales. The ACT also administers the separate coastal enclave of Jervis Bay on the New South Wales south coast. The Australian constitution (written before the founding of the ACT) specified that the site for the national capital should be wholly within New South Wales.
• In Azerbaijan, the rayon of Abşeron has an exclave within Baku.
• In Ethiopia, Benishangul-Gumaz Region has two exclaves in Oromia Region.
• In France:
  • Hautes-Pyrénées — This département has two exclaves in Pyrénées-Atlantiques.
  • Meurthe-et-Moselle — This département has one exclave inside Meuse.
  • Nord — This département has one exclave in Pas-de-Calais.
  • Vaucluse — This département has a rather large exclave within the Drôme département. The Enclave des Papes[1] was part of the possessions of the Pope in France near Avignon; it was attached to Vaucluse when annexed after the départements were created (see Comtat Venaissin). The Enclave des Papes contains 4 towns: Valréas, Visan, Grillon and Richerenches.
• In Germany, the state of Bremen is comprised of two separate cities that are surrounded by Lower Saxony.
• In India, the union territory of Pondicherry is comprised of four districts scattered among the states of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
• In Italy, part of the Città di Castello comune, in the region Umbria is completely surrounded by region Marche.
• In Liechtenstein, many Gemeinden (municipalities) are fragmented (see map, right). There are three exclaves which are also enclaves: Planken and Vaduz each have one in Schaan, and Schaan has one in Planken.
• In Norway, the municipality of Malvik, Sør-Trøndelag has two small exclaves (the Jøsås farms) in the neighbouring municipality of Stjørdal, Nord-Trøndelag. As the municipalities are also in different counties, this also implies that small parts of Sør-Trøndelag are enclaves in Nord-Trøndelag.
• In Panama:
  • The comarca of Emberá has a rather large exclave that is enclaved by Darién Province.
  • The comarca of Ngöbe-Buglé has at least four exclaves, of which two are enclaved in Chiriquí Province and two are enclaved in Veraguas Province. Chiriquí also has at least one exclave which is not an enclave.
• In Spain, the Condado de Treviño is an enclave of the Basque province of Álava and administratively part of the province of Burgos in Castile-Leon. Also, Valencia has an exclave, Rincón de Ademuz between the provinces of Teruel in Aragon and Cuenca in Castile-La Mancha.
• In South Africa, the Eastern Cape Province has an enclave in KwaZulu-Natal Province, containing the town of Umzimkulu.
• In Switzerland:
  • Aargau — Kloster Fahr is a tiny exclave of Baden district, surrounded by the canton of Zürich.
  • Appenzell Innerrhoden — This canton has three exclaves, one of which, Grimmenstein, is enclaved by Appenzell Ausserrhoden.
  • Berne — Münchenwiler, part of Laupen district, is entirely surrounded by the canton of Fribourg.
  • Fribourg — Broye district has three exclaves separated by Vaud, of which two (Surpierre and Vuissens) are enclaves, and the other is bounded by Vaud and Lake Neuchâtel. Another enclave from See district – Wallenbuch – lies within the canton of Berne.
  • Geneva — This canton has two small exclaves within Vaud, together forming the commune of Céligny. The larger has a shoreline on Lake Geneva.
  • Solothurn — Steinhof is an exclave of this canton, enclaved by the canton of Berne.
• In the United States of America:
  • In Colorado, Arapahoe County has two exclaves within the City and County of Denver, one of which is the city of Glendale.
  • District of Columbia — Reagan National Airport was built on reclaimed land in the Potomac River. The District's boundary with Virginia runs to the high-water mark on the south side of the river. Therefore, until 1945, the site was considered to be an exclave of the District. Since then, the airport is officially deemed to be part of Arlington County, Virginia but it is under exclusive federal jurisdiction and is administered as if it was still part of the District.
  • New Hampshire — The town of Killington, Vermont, voted on March 2, 2004 at a Town Meeting to secede from that state and join New Hampshire, whose border is 25 miles (40 km) away. This vote was repeated in the March 2005 town meeting, after a group of residents filed a new ballot warrant on the issue. In June 2005, the New Hampshire Legislature passed a bill which would establish a commission to negotiate the terms of the town's secession if and when Vermont opts to establish a commission of its own. However the State of Vermont is unlikely to allow Killington to secede. Also, the secession could not happen unless the two states actually came to a mutually acceptable agreement. A change in the two states' boundaries would also require the consent of the federal government. As things stand as of 2006, New Hampshire is happy to let Killington remain part of Vermont, and Vermont wants to hold on to Killington.
  • New York — The historic extent of Ellis Island belongs to Manhattan (New York County), but the surrounding portion created by infill belongs to Hudson County, New Jersey [2]. Liberty Island (site of the Statue of Liberty) also lies on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River.
  • In Pennsylvania, numerous municipalities in the southeastern part of Delaware County have enclaves or exclaves.
  • The lands within numerous Indian reservations have been fragmented, with privately owned real estate intermixed with tribal, city, county, state, and federal authorities in a bewildering array of jurisdictional geographies.

[edit] Enclaves which are not exclaves

Lesotho (shown in green) is completely surrounded by South Africa.

See also List of countries that border only one other country.

Some enclaves are sovereign states, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not exclaves. Three such sovereign countries exist:

• The Kingdom of Lesotho, embedded inside South Africa
• The republic of San Marino, enclaved within Italy
• Vatican City, within the city of Rome, in Italy

Also, the disputed Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh is an enclave in Azerbaijan. The region is under the military control of local Armenians, with tacit backing from the government of Armenia. Nagorno-Karabakh has declared itself independent, but no other government besides Armenia has recognised this status.

[edit] Subnational enclaves which are not exclaves

• In Austria, Vienna is an enclave of Lower Austria. Interestingly Vienna was also Lower Austria's capital until 1986.
• In Azerbaijan, Several cities are administratively separate from the rayons and form enclaves. These include Mingachevir, Naftalan, Shaki, Khankendi/Stepanakert (in Nagorno-Karabakh), Yevlakh, and Nakhichevan.
• In Belarus, Minsk city is an enclave in Minsk Province.
• In Belgium, the Brussels-Capital Region is an enclave within Flanders. Strangely enough, it is also Flanders' capital.
• In Cambodia, Phnom Penh Municipality is surrounded by Kandal Province.
• In Canada: In Quebec, the city of Westmount and the town of Mount Royal are enclaves of the city of Montreal. Collectively, the municipalities of Hampstead, Côte Saint-Luc and Montreal West form another enclave.
• In Colombia: In el Distrito Capital, La Candelaria municipality is an enclave of SantaFé.
• In the Czech Republic, Prague is not part of the Central Bohemian Region, although it is the region's capital.
• In Denmark, Frederiksberg is an enclave of Copenhagen.
• In Ethiopia, Addis Ababa city and Harari Region are two of the four enclaves in Oromia Region.
• In Finland: In Uusimaa region, the town of Kauniainen is enclosed by the city of Espoo. The two are located west of Helsinki, in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
• In France: In Côtes-d'Armor département, the commune of Plessix-Balisson is surrounded by the commune of Ploubalay.
• In Germany:
  • Berlin is an enclave of Brandenburg.
  • Bremen is an enclave of Lower Saxony. Bremen on its turn has an exclave with access to the sea called Bremerhaven, 60 km to the north.
• In India: the city of Dadra, an exclave of the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, is a true enclave of the state of Gujarat.
• In Kazakhstan, the cities of Almaty, Astana, and Baikonur are administratively separate from the provinces in which they are enclaved.
• In Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek is an independent city within Chuy Province, although it is the province's capital.
• In Latvia, the cities of Daugavpils, Jelgava, Rēzekne, and Rīga are surrounded by and independent from the districts with the same names.
• In Lithuania, a few city municipalities are enclaved in the district municipalities of the same names, including Šiauliai, Panevėžys, and Alytus.
• In Malaysia, the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya are enclaves of the sultanate of Selangor.
• In Mali, the Bamako Capital District is enclaved in Koulikoro Region.
• In Mongolia, the municipality of Ulaanbaatar is surrounded by but independent from Töv Province.
• In Niger, the capital district of Niamey is surrounded by the department of Tillabéri.
• In the Republic of China:
  • Taipei City is an enclave of Taiwan Province and Taipei County.
  • Taichung and Chiayi cities are an enclaves of Taichung County and Chiayi County, respectively.
• In Romania, Bucureşti-Ilfov development region is enclaved by the Sud (South) development region. The municipality of Bucharest is also an enclave of Ilfov County.
• In Russia:
  • Adygea republic is an enclave in Krasnodar Krai.
  • Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug is an enclave within Chita Oblast.
  • Moscow is an enclave in Moscow Oblast, although it is the administrative centre of Moscow Oblast. Also, some small exclaves of Moscow in Moscow Oblast exist. Also, St. Petersburg is the administrative centre of Leningrad Oblast, being an enclave in it, although this enclave is not true as it has access to Baltic Sea.
  • Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug is an enclave within Irkutsk Oblast, but the two subjects are scheduled to merge on 1 Jan 2008.
• In South Korea, Gwangju city is surrounded by Jeollanam-do province.
• In Switzerland, the two half-cantons of Appenzell are enclaved by the Canton of St. Gallen. Appenzell Innerrhoden is mostly surrounded by Appenzell Ausserrhoden, and both are completely surrounded by St Gall.
• In Syria, the governorate of Damascus is surrounded by the governorate of Rif Dimashq.
• In Tajikistan, the Dushanbe RRS is enclaved by Karotegin province.
• In Trinidad and Tobago, the Borough of Arima is surrounded by the Tunapuna-Piarco Regional Corporation.
• In Ukraine, the city of Kiev is independent of surrounding Kiev Oblast, although it is the oblast's administrative center.
• In the United Kingdom: The English unitary authorities of Nottingham, Derby, Stoke-on-Trent, and Leicester are enclaves of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and Leicestershire counties, respectively.
  • In Cambridgeshire: the City of Cambridge is a local government district completely surrounded by the district of South Cambridgeshire.
  • The City of London is an enclave of Greater London for electoral and ceremonial purposes, and has a separate Mayor
• In the United States of America:
  • In Alaska, Ketchikan Gateway Borough is surrounded in all directions by the Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan Census Area of the Unorganized Borough.
  • In Arizona:
    • The Hopi Reservation is surrounded by the Navajo Reservation.
    • The city of South Tucson is an enclave in the city of Tucson.
  • In Arkansas, the City of Cammack Village is an enclave of Little Rock.
  • In California:
    • In 1956, Newark defected from the proposed incorporation of the communities of Washington Township as the city of Fremont. It is now an incorporated city surrounded by Fremont. Coincidentally Piedmont, Oakland, Newark and Fremont are all in Alameda County.
    • Piedmont incorporated in 1907 to avoid annexation by Oakland, and is now surrounded by Oakland.
    • The city of San Fernando is an enclave in the city of Los Angeles. Beverly Hills and West Hollywood together form another. Santa Monica borders the Pacific Ocean on one side but it is otherwise completely surrounded by the City of Los Angeles
    • The city of Signal Hill is an enclave in the city of Long Beach.
    • The city of Villa Park is an enclave of city of Orange.
  • In Georgia (U.S. state), Payne City is an enclave within the city of Macon.
  • In Indiana, after the creation of Unigov (the merged government of Indianapolis and Marion County) in 1970, four communities that did not fully merge with Indianapolis – Beech Grove, Lawrence, Southport, and Speedway – became enclaves of Indianapolis.
  • In Kentucky, when the governments of Louisville and Jefferson County merged in 2003, a bewildering array of enclaves was created, as all other incorporated cities in Jefferson County retained their status as separate cities. Some of the enclaves existed in pre-merger Louisville, while others were created as a result of the merger.
  • In Michigan:
    • The city of Center Line is completely surrounded by Warren.
    • Highland Park and Hamtramck border each other, but the two together are completely surrounded by Detroit.
    • The city of Lathrup Village is completely surrounded by Southfield.
  • In New Jersey:
    • The Township of Medford Lakes is completely surrounded by Medford.
    • The Borough of Princeton, home of Princeton University, is completely surrounded by Princeton Township.
  • In Ohio, the cities of Minerva Park, Bexley, Whitehall, and Valleyview are all enclaves of Columbus. The cities of Worthington and Riverlea together form another enclave of Columbus.
  • In Oregon, the city of Maywood Park is surrounded by Portland, which annexed the surrounding lands after Maywood Park incorporated.
  • In Pennsylvania:
    • The municipality of East Lansdowne in Delaware County is an enclave within Upper Darby.
    • The borough of Mount Oliver is surrounded on all sides by the city of Pittsburgh.
    • The municipality of Narberth in Montgomery County is an enclave within Lower Merion Township.
  • In Tennessee, the cities of Red Bank and Ridgeside are enclaves in the city of Chattanooga.
  • In Texas:
    • The cities of Alamo Heights, Balcones Heights, Castle Hills, Hill Country Village, Hollywood Park, Kirby, Leon Valley, Olmos Park, Shavano Park, and Terrell Hills are all enclaves of San Antonio. [3]
    • The cities of Bellaire, West University Place, and Southside Place together form an enclave of Houston. The cities of Bunker Hill Village, Hedwig Village, Hilshire Village, Hunters Creek Village, Piney Point Village, and Spring Valley together form another enclave of Houston.
    • The cities of Highland Park and University Park, collectively known locally as the "Park Cities", together form an enclave of Dallas.
  • In Virginia, several county seats are enclaved in the counties that they serve, but are not part of the counties, plus some other cities are enclaved within counties. This situation exists because under Virginia law, all municipalities that are incorporated as cities are legally independent of any county.
  • In Wisconsin, the village of Thiensville is an enclave of the city of Mequon in Ozaukee County.
• In Uzbekistan, Tashkent is separate from surrounding Toshkent Province, although it serves as its capital.
• In Yemen, Sana'a municipality is surrounded by Sana'a Governorate.
• In Zimbabwe, Harare is an enclave of Mashonaland East province.

[edit] Exclaves which are not enclaves

• Angola: Cabinda is bounded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, and the Atlantic Ocean.
• Azerbaijan: Nakhichevan is bounded by Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.
• Brunei: Temburong District is bounded by Malaysia and Brunei Bay. Territorial waters are contiguous, however.
• Croatia: The southern portion of Dubrovnik-Neretva County is bounded by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and the Adriatic Sea. Territorial waters are contiguous, however.
• Cyprus (de facto): Two portions of land in the island's Southeast, in addition to the enclaves mentioned above, are cut off from the rest of the Greek Cypriot territory by the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. They are bounded by the base and the Mediterranean Sea, and the larger one also is bounded by a UN buffer zone. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also has an exclave in the island's Northwest, Kokkina/Erenköy, which is bounded by the buffer zone and the Mediterranean.
• East Timor: Oecussi-Ambeno is bounded by Indonesia and the Savu Sea.
• Oman: Musandam is bounded by the United Arab Emirates and the Strait of Hormuz.
• Russia: Kaliningrad Oblast is bounded by Lithuania, Poland, and the Baltic Sea.
• Spain: Ceuta, Melilla, Peñón de Alhucemas, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , and the Islas Chafarinas (the Plazas de soberanía) are bounded by Morocco and the Mediterranean Sea.
• United States: Alaska is bounded by Canada, the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Sea, and the Pacific Ocean.

[edit] Subnational exclaves which are not enclaves

• In Austria, the transfer of South Tyrol to Italy after World War I left the county of Tyrol in two parts.
• In Belgium, Flanders has an exclave, the municipality of Voeren, whereas Wallonia also has an exclave, the municipality of Comines-Warneton. The territory of the German speaking Community of Belgium is also composed of two parts separated by a part of the French speaking Community.
• In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Posavina Canton is part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina situated between Republika Srpska and Croatia. In this canton, Orašje is adjacent to Brčko District, which belongs to both entities, but Odžak is a true exclave.
• In China, Xianghe County, Sanhe City and Dachang Hui Autonomous County of Hebei province make up an exclave lodged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
• In Finland: In Central Finland, the former municipality of Säynätsalo is now an exclave of Jyväskylä municipality.
• In France, the commune of Ménessaire is an exclave of the department of Côte-d'Or between Nièvre and Saône-et-Loire.
• In Germany, Bremerhaven is an exclave of the state of Bremen.
• In Italy:
  • The Comune di San Colombano (named after the Irish missionary Saint Columbanus) is an exclave of the Province of Milan between the provinces of Lodi and Pavia.
  • The comune Verucchio, in the Emilia-Romagna region, includes an exclave between the Marche region and the Republic of San Marino.
• In Japan, Kitayama Village and Kumanogawa Town of Wakayama prefecture are located in the border between Mie and Nara prefectures.
• In Liechtenstein, seven of the eleven municipalities are in two or more pieces. In addition to the enclaves mentioned above, Vaduz has four exclaves; Schaan has three; Planken, Balzers, and Eschen each have two; and Triesenberg and Gamprin both have one.
• In Moldova, Raionul Cahul has one exclave, and the autonomous territory of Gagauzia has three.
• In the Netherlands, Amsterdam Zuidoost is cut from other parts of the municipilaty of Amsterdam by land that belongs to the municipilaties of Ouder-Amstel and Diemen.
• In the Philippines:
  • In the National Capital Region (Manila), Caloocan City is divided by Valenzuela City.
  • Cotabato City is separated from the rest of SOCCSKSARGEN region by the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.
  • Zamboanga City is separated from the rest of Zamboanga del Sur province by the Zamboanga Sibugay.
• In Samoa, A'ana, Palauli, Satupa'itea, and Va'a-o-Fonoti districts each have one exclave, and Gaga'emauga district has two.
• In Spain, Rincón de Ademuz is an exclave of Valencia province in Valencia autonomous community, between the provinces of Teruel in Aragon and Cuenca in Castile-La Mancha.
• In Switzerland:
  • Appenzell Innerrhoden — Both parts of the district of Oberegg are bounded by Appenzell Ausserrhoden and St. Gallen.
  • Bern — Clavaleyres is surrounded by Fribourg and Vaud's exclave. (The secession of the new canton of Jura in 1979 left Bern temporarily with another exclave, Laufental, bounded by Jura, Solothurn, Basel-Country and France. Laufental joined Basel-Country in 1994.)
  • Obwalden — Engelberg is a large piece of this canton separated by Nidwalden.
  • Schaffhausen — The only canton lying mostly on the north bank of the Rhine, it is cut into three parts by German corridors to the Rhine. The middle part is the largest, and embraces the German enclave of Büsingen. The upper and middle parts border on Thurgau, the middle and lower parts on Zürich.
  • Solothurn — This canton has two exclaves, Dorneck and Thierstein, both bounded on the south by Basel-Country and on the north by France.
  • Vaud — Avenches district is separated from this canton by the canton of Fribourg.
• In the United Arab Emirates
  • Dubai, Ajmān, Ras al-Khaimah, and Fujairah Emirates each have one exclave.
  • Sharjah Emirate has four exclaves, one of which is Nahwa.
• In the United States of America:
  • In Alaska, a portion of the Skagway-Hoonah-Angoon Census Area of the Unorganized Borough is separated by Haines Borough. The Unorganized Borough is separated into multiple sections by Haines and Yakutat Boroughs.
  • In California, San Ysidro is an exclave of San Diego.
  • Kentucky — The westernmost part of Fulton County is a piece of land known as the Kentucky Bend, located inside a loop of the Mississippi River, detached from its mother state. The only road in the area goes south into Tennessee. This exclave exists because the Mississippi, which forms the boundary between Missouri (right bank) and Kentucky/Tennessee (left bank), crosses latitude 36°30', which defines part of the border between Kentucky and Tennessee, three times.
  • In Louisiana, a portion of St. Martin Parish is separated by Iberia Parish. A portion of West Feliciana Parish is separated by Concordia Parish. A portion of Madison Parish is separated by Warren County, Mississippi.
  • In Massachusetts, Norfolk County has two exclaves: Brookline between Middlesex and Suffolk counties, and Cohasset on the coast of Plymouth County.
  • In New Mexico, Sandoval County has an exclave. During World War II, Los Alamos County was created out of parts of Sandoval and Santa Fe Counties, for the convenience of the Manhattan Project. That portion of Sandoval County which is within the San Ildefonso Indian Reservation, about 3 km², became an exclave bounded by Los Alamos County on the southwest, Santa Fe County on the east and Rio Arriba County on the north.
  • In Pennsylvania, numerous municipalities in the southeastern part of Delaware County have exclaves. For example, Springfield Township has an exclave separated from the main body of the township by the village of Swarthmore; Darby Township and Darby Boro (which are distinct municipalities from each other) each consist of two separate non-contiguous areas; and part of Upper Darby is separated from the main body of the township by Aldan and Lansdowne.

[edit] "Practical" enclaves and exclaves

• The Spanish towns Ceuta and Melilla on the north coast of Africa.
• The British colony of Gibraltar, on the south coast of Spain.
• Oecussi-Ambeno, a fragment of East Timor geographically within the Indonesian part of Timor (West Timor), but accessible from the sea.
• Cabinda, a territory north of its mainland of Angola, locked between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Congo.
• Russian Kaliningrad Oblast, located between Poland and Lithuania, which, before World War II, was the northern half of the German province of East Prussia, itself an exclave after World War I.
• The far south coast of Croatia, part of the Dubrovnik-Neretva county including the historic city of Dubrovnik, is separated from its mainland by the corridor of Neum which is the only seacoast of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• At least seven places in the United States cannot be reached by land except through Canada:
  • Alaska;
  • Point Roberts in northwestern Washington;
  • the Northwest Angle in Minnesota, a peninsula bordering Lake of the Woods;
  • Elm Point, a small piece nearby where the coastline of the Lake of the Woods dips slightly south over the border;
  • a similar unnamed sliver of land just west of Elm Point. (Both of these are in western Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, near the northeast corner of Roseau County, Minnesota, just south of the southeast corner of Manitoba);
  • the town of Alburgh, Vermont, on the shores of Lake Champlain.
  • Province Point, the end of a peninsula east of Alburgh.
  • Estcourt Station, Maine does not have public road access to the rest of Maine. Instead, Estcourt Station's houses, store and gas station access Rue Frontiere, a street on the Canadian side of the border in Pohenegamook, Quebec.
• The Russian village of Dupki is on the Estonian (west) coast of lake Peipus.
• Canada: St. Regis, Quebec: Part of the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, it is attached by land to the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation in New York State; road access to the rest of Canada is only available through New York State.
  • Campobello Island, New Brunswick can be reached by road only by driving through the United States,across the border bridge. Connection with the rest of Canada is by ferry.

[edit] Subnational "practical" enclaves and exclaves

• In Indonesia, the province of Yogyakarta is a coastal enclave of Central Java province with access to Indian Ocean in the south.
• In the Netherlands, the province of Overijssel has two exclaves on the Gelderland bank of the IJssel river opposite the towns of Olst and Wijhe, in which the villages of Marle (north exclave), Welsum and Welsumerveld (south exclave) are situated. There are cable ferries between Olst and Welsum and between Wijhe and Vorchten in the municipality of Heerde (there is no direct connection between Marle and the rest of Overijssel).
• In the United States of America:
  • The town of Carter Lake, Iowa, occupied a meander on the left bank of the Missouri River, until 1877 when flooding caused the river to jump its banks, shortening the main stream. The meander became an oxbow lake and Carter Lake now found itself on the right bank, attached to Nebraska. A lengthy court case ensued; the Supreme Court of the United States held that the sudden change in the river's course did not change the original boundary, and Carter Lake was still part of Iowa. (Nebraska v. Iowa, 143 U.S. 359 (1892)). The Court delayed a final decree to allow Nebraska and Iowa to reach an agreement consistent with its holding, which they did. (145 U.S. 519 (1892)). All roads into Carter Lake run through Omaha, Nebraska. For similar geographic reasons there are many slices of Mississippi River states that are now on the "wrong" side of the waterway.
  • Humarock, legally part of Scituate, Massachusetts, was separated from the rest of the town in the Blizzard of 1898, in which the mouth of the North River shifted. The island is only accessible via a bridge which connects it to Marshfield, Massachusetts.
  • Long Island, situated in Boston Harbor in Massachusetts, is part of the City of Boston yet remains accessible by road only from Quincy, Massachusetts.
  • The construction in 1895 of the Harlem River Ship Canal isolated Marble Hill, a small portion of the northern tip of Manhattan (New York County). Initially an island, it was later physically connected to the Bronx by the filling of Spuyten Duyvil Creek. It remains politically part of Manhattan, to which it is connected by the Broadway Bridge.
  • The "Lost Peninsula" in Monroe County, Michigan, can only be reached via Toledo, Ohio. It is otherwise surrounded by Maumee Bay in Lake Erie. (Map)
  • California: The City and County of San Francisco has an exclave on Alameda Island, across San Francisco Bay and adjoining Alameda County. The exclave came into being as land on the border between the two counties was reclaimed from the Bay to build the Naval Air Station Alameda, now decommissioned. This small piece of open space cannot be reached from San Francisco (except by boat) without passing through Oakland and Alameda.
  • Also in San Francisco Bay, there is a small (5.37 acres) piece of land on the eastern end of Angel Island that belongs to the City and County of San Francisco. The rest (99.3%) of Angel Island lies in the town of Tiburon, which is in Marin County.
  • The port community of San Pedro, California is part of the City of Los Angeles but is connected to the rest of the city only by a narrow strip of land, four city blocks wide and several miles long.
  • Virginia: The Eastern Shore, comprising Accomack County and Northampton County, is located at the southern tip of the Delmarva Peninsula. It is connected to the rest of Virginia by the 23 mile (37 km) long Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel. Also, Knotts Island, practically an exclave of Currituck County, North Carolina (see below), extends in a stubby peninsula back north of the state line on the eastern portion of the island and is considered part of the City of Virginia Beach, surrounded by Back Bay.
  • North Carolina: Knotts Island in Currituck County is only accessible by road through Virginia Beach, Virginia via a narrow strip of land from the west. A 45-minute ferry connects the island to the rest of Currituck.
  • Michigan: The Upper Peninsula is attached by land to Wisconsin. It can be reached from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan by the 5 mile (8 km) long Mackinac Bridge.
• In Switzerland:
  • Lucerne has two pieces separated from the main territory by the Vierwaldstättersee; one borders Schwyz, the other Nidwalden.
  • Nidwalden's district of Hergiswil is separated by an arm of the Vierwaldstättersee.
  • One of the pieces of Fribourg is a large exclave bounded by Vaud and Lake Neuchâtel.
  • Appenzell Innerrhoden has three small exclaves, two of which border on both Appenzell Ausserrhoden and on Sankt-Gallen.
  • Vaud has one exclave, Avenches, bordered by Lake Neuchâtel, Fribourg and the tiny Bernese exclave of Clavaleyres. The coast of Lake Neuchâtel is thus in seven pieces belonging to four cantons: clockwise from the north they are Neuchâtel, Bern (main), Vaud (Avenches exclave), Fribourg (main), Vaud (main), Fribourg (exclave), Vaud (main).
• In India:
  • The Union Territory of Daman and Diu consists of two coastal enclaves in the state of Gujarat.
  • Pondicherry is a Union Territory which is composed of Pondicherry City and Karaikal (coastal enclaves of Tamil Nadu), Yanam (coastal enclave of Andhra Pradesh) and Mahe (coastal enclave of Kerala).

[edit] Inaccessible districts

• The Austrian municipality of Jungholz is surrounded by German territory virtually everywhere, except at one point: the top of a mountain.
• The Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, Austria, can be reached by road from Oberstdorf, Germany, only.
• The Swiss village of Samnaun could initially only be reached by road from Austria. Thus in 1892 the village was excluded from the Swiss customs territory. The exemption was maintained even when in 1907-1912 a road was built to the Engadin valley.
• For similar reasons the Italian Livigno valley near the Swiss border is excluded from EU VAT area.
• Some villages in eastern Estonia can only be reached by a road which ventures inside Russian territory. One can drive on the road without any visa, but it is forbidden to stop before coming back to Estonia.
• Several farms on the border between Denmark and Germany.
• The village of Lutepää in eastern Estonia, reached by road only by traversing Russian territory.
• The western-most region of County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland contains a pene-enclave jutting into County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland (United Kingdom).
• A valley, which includes five villages, called Macahel in northeast of Turkey can only be reached by road via Batumi in Georgia by vehicles, and as the snow shuts the paths which are completely within the borders of Turkey in winter, the road via Batumi is the only way for getting there.
• In the United States of America:
  • The Alaska Panhandle, though connected geographically, is inaccessible by road from the rest of the state. One must drive through Canada to reach the area from elsewhere in the state.
  • Hyder, Alaska, itself being located in a state that is an exclave of the United States, is in a location where because of mountains and rugged terrain, it can only be reached by road from the adjacent community of Stewart, British Columbia in Canada, thus it could be considered a practical enclave from both the U.S. mainland and from the rest of state of Alaska.
• The Campobello Island in New Brunswick, Canada, can only be reached by road through a bridge linking the island to the U.S. state of Maine.
• The municipality of Tornio in Finland has one pene-enclave unreachable directly by land from Finnish territory, and the neighbouring Swedish municipality of Haparanda has two similar pene-enclaves unreachable directly from Swedish territory.

[edit] Subnational inaccessible districts

• United States of America:
  • Riker's Island, the jail complex of the City of New York, is considered to be in the borough of The Bronx, but is only accessible via the Riker's Island Bridge, which terminates in the Borough of Queens.
• South Korea:
  • Incheon Metropolitan City: Ganghwa Island is administered by Incheon, but is connected by bridges to Gyeonggi Province.
    • Yeongjong Island, where Incheon International Airport is located, is administered by Jung-gu, but is connected by bridge to Seo-gu. (A "gu" is a geo-political subdivision of S. Korea's metropolitan cities).
• In the United Kingdom, there is the village of Pentreheyling in Shropshire. Shropshire is in England, yet it is impossible to reach any other settlement in England by road without first passing through Wales (see map). In Flintshire,Wales, on the Dee estuary, there are several bits of marshland that are separated from other bits of Wales.
• Also in Wales, there is a small area of land south of Wyastone Leys which is inaccessible from any other area of Wales directly by road, being separated by land and the River Wye.
• In addition, there are several small areas north of the village of Part-Y-Seal are inaccessible from Wales directly, these include one farm, two river banks and a small island in the River Wye.
• In the United Kingdom, there are two parts of Scotland inacessible from anywhere else other than travelling through England; these are Edrington Castle and the village of Cawderstanes, which is accessible to the rest of Scotland by footbridge only. Also a small area of land adjacent to a weir on the River Tweed, north of the B6350, due south of Coldstream and due south west of Cornhill on Tweed which can only reach the rest of Scotland directly by crossing the weir. Likewise, on the English side of the English/Scottish Borders, the hamlet of High Cocklaw is not accessible directly from any other part of England except via footpath.
• Philippines:
  • Some coastal barangays in Canaman, Camarines Sur do not have direct connection to barangays in poblacion. People from some coastal barangays in Canaman have to pass Camaligan and Naga City via Bicol River before reaching poblacion.

[edit] Historic enclaves/exclaves

• Bremen-Verden, Swedish Pomerania, and Wismar, Swedish enclaves in Germany after the Peace of Westphalia.
• Camp Zeist, a former United States Air Force base in the Netherlands, was in 2000 temporarily declared sovereign territory of the United Kingdom, in order to allow the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial to take place.
• Cheikh Saïd - former French enclave near Aden
• Comtat Venaissin
• Dadra and Nagar Haveli
• East Pakistan (1955-1971), nowadays People's Republic of Bangladesh, was an exclave from Islamic Republic of Pakistan, if one considers West Pakistan, site of the capital Islamabad, mainland. There were 1600 kilometers of foreign territory separating the east and west wings of Pakistan. East Pakistan accounted for 70 % of the exports of the country and was more populous than West Pakistan.
• East Prussia, a German exclave during the Weimar Republic: it was separated from Germany after World War I, when Poland regained access to the Baltic sea. East Prussia (essentially the old Duchy of Prussia) is now divided into Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia (see above), the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship in Poland, and Klaipėda County in Lithuania.
• Forbidden City - The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China, Emperor Henry Puyi, succeeded the throne in 1909. In 1911, revolution broke out and the Qing army was defeated. According to the treaty signed between the Qing court and the government of the newly formed Republic of China (ROC), Puyi preserved the emperor title and alongside other rights, maintained certain gov't organs in the Forbidden City mainly for management of the Forbidden City and other palaces, management of imperial familes, etc. Inside the Forbidden City it still flew the Dragon Flag of the Qing Dynasty. In 1924, the treaty signed in 1911 was revised unilaterally by the ROC government, abolishing the Puyi's title of Emperor, his right to live in the Forbidden City and other related arrangements.
• Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá a Portuguese enclave within Dahomey/Benin until 1961 (de facto) and 1975 (de jure).
• Gwadar - till 1958, Omani coastal enclave inside Pakistan
• Lado Enclave
• Ifni
• Kowloon Walled City - enclave inside Kowloon, Hong Kong. Question of jurisdiction led to hands-off approach adopted by People's Republic of China, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom until solution was agreed upon.
• Kwang-Chou-Wan
• Mount Scopus (in Jerusalem) was an Israeli exclave in Jordan between 1948 and 1967, before being reunited with West Jerusalem following the Six Day War. It is still an exclave on a political level, since Israel's annexation of the connecting territory is unrecognized.
• Port Arthur
• Portuguese India
• Jiaozhou Bay
• Shanghai - British, American, and French Concessions, and Shanghai International Settlement
• Walvis Bay was a South African exclave in Namibia, before being transferred from South African jurisdiction and incorporated with Namibia in 1994, four years after that country's independence.
• Wei-Hai-Wei
• West Berlin, before the reunification of Germany, was de facto a West German exclave, enclaved by East Germany. Many small West Berlin land areas, such as Steinstücken, were in turn separated from the main body of West Berlin, some by only a few meters. De jure all of Berlin was ruled by the four Allied powers (as an enclave of East Germany); this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament, and that its citizens were exempt from conscription.
• Zadar
• Various historical foreign consessions.

[edit] References

• Whyte, Brendan R. (2002, revised 2004). WAITING FOR THE ESQUIMO: An historical and documentary study of the Cooch Behar enclaves of India and Bangladesh. Melbourne: University of Melbourne (doctoral dissertation). ISBN 0-734-02208-5.
  • University of Melbourne ePrints repository has an abstract and a complete reprint (PDF: 13.59 MB).
  • Chapter 1 (pages 1-24) is a general survey of international enclaves, with a table Enclaves of the world since 1996 on page 5.