List of XML and HTML character entity references
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Note: This article contains special characters.
In SGML, HTML and XML documents, the logical constructs known as character data and attribute values consist of sequences of characters, in which each character can manifest directly (representing itself), or can be represented by a series of characters called a character reference, of which there are two types: a numeric character reference and a character entity reference. This article lists the character entity references that are valid in HTML and XML documents.
Contents |
[edit] Character reference overview
A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and uses the format
&#nnnn;
or
&#xhhhh;
where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form. The x must be lowercase in XML documents. The nnnn or hhhh may be any number of digits and may include leading zeros. The hhhh may mix uppercase and lowercase, though uppercase is the usual style.
In contrast, a character entity reference refers to a character by the name of an entity which has the desired character as its replacement text. The entity must either be predefined (built-in to the markup language) or explicitly declared in a Document Type Definition (DTD). The format is the same as for any entity reference:
&name;
where name is the name of the entity. The semicolon is required.
[edit] Character entities in XML
The XML specification defines five built-in character entities and requires that all XML processors honor them. The entities can be explicitly declared in a DTD, as well, but if this is done, the replacement text must be the same as the built-in definitions. XML also allows other named entities of any size to be defined on a per-document basis.
The table below lists the five XML built-in character entities. The "Name" column mentions the entity's name. The "Character" column shows the character, if it is renderable. In order to render the character, the format &name; is used; for example, & renders as &. The "Unicode code point" column cites the character via standard UCS/Unicode "U+" notation, which shows the character's code point in hexadecimal. The decimal equivalent of the code point is then shown in parentheses. The "Standard" column indicates the first version of XML that includes the entity. The "Description" column cites the character via its canonical UCS/Unicode name, in English.
| Name | Character | Unicode code point | Standard | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| quot | " | U+0022 (34) | XML 1.0 | quotation mark |
| amp | & | U+0026 (38) | XML 1.0 | ampersand |
| apos | ' | U+0027 (39) | XML 1.0 | apostrophe |
| lt | < | U+003C (60) | XML 1.0 | less-than sign |
| gt | > | U+003E (62) | XML 1.0 | greater-than sign |
[edit] Character entities in HTML
The HTML 4 DTD explicitly declares 252 character entities. HTML processors must honor the HTML DTD's declarations, even if the DTD is not mentioned in the HTML document. HTML does not allow other named entities to be defined.
HTML document authors who have been exposed to XML and XHTML often overlook the fact that the apos entity is not defined in HTML.
In the table below, the HTML built-in character entities are listed. The columns are as in the XML entity table, above, except "Standard" column indicates the first version of HTML that includes the entity. The version is one of the major releases of the HTML spec: 2.0, 3.2, or 4.0. HTML 4.01 didn't introduce any new entities.
| Name | Character | Unicode code point | Standard | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| quot | " | U+0022 (34) | HTML 2.0 | quotation mark |
| amp | & | U+0026 (38) | HTML 2.0 | ampersand |
| lt | < | U+003C (60) | HTML 2.0 | less-than sign |
| gt | > | U+003E (62) | HTML 2.0 | greater-than sign |
| nbsp | U+00A0 (160) | HTML 3.2 | no-break space | |
| iexcl | ¡ | U+00A1 (161) | HTML 3.2 | inverted exclamation mark |
| cent | ¢ | U+00A2 (162) | HTML 3.2 | cent sign |
| pound | £ | U+00A3 (163) | HTML 3.2 | pound sign |
| curren | ¤ | U+00A4 (164) | HTML 3.2 | currency sign |
| yen | ¥ | U+00A5 (165) | HTML 3.2 | yen sign |
| brvbar | ¦ | U+00A6 (166) | HTML 3.2 | broken bar |
| sect | § | U+00A7 (167) | HTML 3.2 | section sign |
| uml | ¨ | U+00A8 (168) | HTML 3.2 | diaeresis |
| copy | © | U+00A9 (169) | HTML 3.2 | copyright sign |
| ordf | ª | U+00AA (170) | HTML 3.2 | feminine ordinal indicator |
| laquo | « | U+00AB (171) | HTML 3.2 | left-pointing double angle quotation mark |
| not | ¬ | U+00AC (172) | HTML 3.2 | not sign |
| shy | | U+00AD (173) | HTML 3.2 | soft hyphen |
| reg | ® | U+00AE (174) | HTML 3.2 | registered sign |
| macr | ¯ | U+00AF (175) | HTML 3.2 | macron |
| deg | ° | U+00B0 (176) | HTML 3.2 | degree sign |
| plusmn | ± | U+00B1 (177) | HTML 3.2 | plus-minus sign |
| sup2 | ² | U+00B2 (178) | HTML 3.2 | superscript two |
| sup3 | ³ | U+00B3 (179) | HTML 3.2 | superscript three |
| acute | ´ | U+00B4 (180) | HTML 3.2 | acute accent |
| micro | µ | U+00B5 (181) | HTML 3.2 | micro sign |
| para | ¶ | U+00B6 (182) | HTML 3.2 | pilcrow sign |
| middot | · | U+00B7 (183) | HTML 3.2 | middle dot |
| cedil | ¸ | U+00B8 (184) | HTML 3.2 | cedilla |
| sup1 | ¹ | U+00B9 (185) | HTML 3.2 | superscript one |
| ordm | º | U+00BA (186) | HTML 3.2 | masculine ordinal indicator |
| raquo | » | U+00BB (187) | HTML 3.2 | right-pointing double angle quotation mark |
| frac14 | ¼ | U+00BC (188) | HTML 3.2 | vulgar fraction one quarter |
| frac12 | ½ | U+00BD (189) | HTML 3.2 | vulgar fraction one half |
| frac34 | ¾ | U+00BE (190) | HTML 3.2 | vulgar fraction three quarters |
| iquest | ¿ | U+00BF (191) | HTML 3.2 | inverted question mark |
| Agrave | À | U+00C0 (192) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter a with grave |
| Aacute | Á | U+00C1 (193) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter a with acute |
| Acirc | Â | U+00C2 (194) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter a with circumflex |
| Atilde | Ã | U+00C3 (195) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter a with tilde |
| Auml | Ä | U+00C4 (196) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter a with diaeresis |
| Aring | Å | U+00C5 (197) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter a with ring above |
| AElig | Æ | U+00C6 (198) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter ae |
| Ccedil | Ç | U+00C7 (199) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter c with cedilla |
| Egrave | È | U+00C8 (200) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter e with grave |
| Eacute | É | U+00C9 (201) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter e with acute |
| Ecirc | Ê | U+00CA (202) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter e with circumflex |
| Euml | Ë | U+00CB (203) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter e with diaeresis |
| Igrave | Ì | U+00CC (204) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter i with grave |
| Iacute | Í | U+00CD (205) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter i with acute |
| Icirc | Î | U+00CE (206) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter i with circumflex |
| Iuml | Ï | U+00CF (207) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter i with diaeresis |
| ETH | Ð | U+00D0 (208) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter eth |
| Ntilde | Ñ | U+00D1 (209) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter n with tilde |
| Ograve | Ò | U+00D2 (210) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter o with grave |
| Oacute | Ó | U+00D3 (211) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter o with acute |
| Ocirc | Ô | U+00D4 (212) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter o with circumflex |
| Otilde | Õ | U+00D5 (213) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter o with tilde |
| Ouml | Ö | U+00D6 (214) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter o with diaeresis |
| times | × | U+00D7 (215) | HTML 3.2 | multiplication sign |
| Oslash | Ø | U+00D8 (216) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter o with stroke |
| Ugrave | Ù | U+00D9 (217) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter u with grave |
| Uacute | Ú | U+00DA (218) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter u with acute |
| Ucirc | Û | U+00DB (219) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter u with circumflex |
| Uuml | Ü | U+00DC (220) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter u with diaeresis |
| Yacute | Ý | U+00DD (221) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter y with acute |
| THORN | Þ | U+00DE (222) | HTML 2.0 | latin capital letter thorn |
| szlig | ß | U+00DF (223) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter sharp s (German Eszett) |
| agrave | à | U+00E0 (224) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter a with grave |
| aacute | á | U+00E1 (225) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter a with acute |
| acirc | â | U+00E2 (226) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter a with circumflex |
| atilde | ã | U+00E3 (227) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter a with tilde |
| auml | ä | U+00E4 (228) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter a with diaeresis |
| aring | å | U+00E5 (229) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter a with ring above |
| aelig | æ | U+00E6 (230) | HTML 2.0 | latin lowercase ligature ae |
| ccedil | ç | U+00E7 (231) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter c with cedilla |
| egrave | è | U+00E8 (232) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter e with grave |
| eacute | é | U+00E9 (233) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter e with acute |
| ecirc | ê | U+00EA (234) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter e with circumflex |
| euml | ë | U+00EB (235) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter e with diaeresis |
| igrave | ì | U+00EC (236) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter i with grave |
| iacute | í | U+00ED (237) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter i with acute |
| icirc | î | U+00EE (238) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter i with circumflex |
| iuml | ï | U+00EF (239) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter i with diaeresis |
| eth | ð | U+00F0 (240) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter eth |
| ntilde | ñ | U+00F1 (241) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter n with tilde |
| ograve | ò | U+00F2 (242) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter o with grave |
| oacute | ó | U+00F3 (243) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter o with acute |
| ocirc | ô | U+00F4 (244) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter o with circumflex |
| otilde | õ | U+00F5 (245) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter o with tilde |
| ouml | ö | U+00F6 (246) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter o with diaeresis |
| divide | ÷ | U+00F7 (247) | HTML 3.2 | division sign |
| oslash | ø | U+00F8 (248) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter o with stroke |
| ugrave | ù | U+00F9 (249) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter u with grave |
| uacute | ú | U+00FA (250) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter u with acute |
| ucirc | û | U+00FB (251) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter u with circumflex |
| uuml | ü | U+00FC (252) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter u with diaeresis |
| yacute | ý | U+00FD (253) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter y with acute |
| thorn | þ | U+00FE (254) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter thorn |
| yuml | ÿ | U+00FF (255) | HTML 2.0 | latin small letter y with diaeresis |
| OElig | Π| U+0152 (338) | HTML 4.0 | latin capital ligature oe |
| oelig | œ | U+0153 (339) | HTML 4.0 | latin small ligature oe |
| Scaron | Š | U+0160 (352) | HTML 4.0 | latin capital letter s with caron |
| scaron | š | U+0161 (353) | HTML 4.0 | latin small letter s with caron |
| Yuml | Ÿ | U+0178 (376) | HTML 4.0 | latin capital letter y with diaeresis |
| fnof | ƒ | U+0192 (402) | HTML 4.0 | latin small letter f with hook |
| circ | ˆ | U+02C6 (710) | HTML 4.0 | modifier letter circumflex accent |
| tilde | ˜ | U+02DC (732) | HTML 4.0 | small tilde |
| Alpha | Α | U+0391 (913) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter alpha |
| Beta | Β | U+0392 (914) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter beta |
| Gamma | Γ | U+0393 (915) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter gamma |
| Delta | Δ | U+0394 (916) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter delta |
| Epsilon | Ε | U+0395 (917) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter epsilon |
| Zeta | Ζ | U+0396 (918) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter zeta |
| Eta | Η | U+0397 (919) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter eta |
| Theta | Θ | U+0398 (920) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter theta |
| Iota | Ι | U+0399 (921) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter iota |
| Kappa | Κ | U+039A (922) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter kappa |
| Lambda | Λ | U+039B (923) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter lamda |
| Mu | Μ | U+039C (924) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter mu |
| Nu | Ν | U+039D (925) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter nu |
| Xi | Ξ | U+039E (926) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter xi |
| Omicron | Ο | U+039F (927) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter omicron |
| Pi | Π | U+03A0 (928) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter pi |
| Rho | Ρ | U+03A1 (929) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter rho |
| Sigma | Σ | U+03A3 (931) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter sigma |
| Tau | Τ | U+03A4 (932) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter tau |
| Upsilon | Υ | U+03A5 (933) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter upsilon |
| Phi | Φ | U+03A6 (934) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter phi |
| Chi | Χ | U+03A7 (935) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter chi |
| Psi | Ψ | U+03A8 (936) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter psi |
| Omega | Ω | U+03A9 (937) | HTML 4.0 | greek capital letter omega |
| alpha | α | U+03B1 (945) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter alpha |
| beta | β | U+03B2 (946) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter beta |
| gamma | γ | U+03B3 (947) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter gamma |
| delta | δ | U+03B4 (948) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter delta |
| epsilon | ε | U+03B5 (949) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter epsilon |
| zeta | ζ | U+03B6 (950) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter zeta |
| eta | η | U+03B7 (951) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter eta |
| theta | θ | U+03B8 (952) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter theta |
| iota | ι | U+03B9 (953) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter iota |
| kappa | κ | U+03BA (954) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter kappa |
| lambda | λ | U+03BB (955) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter lamda |
| mu | μ | U+03BC (956) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter mu |
| nu | ν | U+03BD (957) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter nu |
| xi | ξ | U+03BE (958) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter xi |
| omicron | ο | U+03BF (959) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter omicron |
| pi | π | U+03C0 (960) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter pi |
| rho | ρ | U+03C1 (961) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter rho |
| sigmaf | ς | U+03C2 (962) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter final sigma |
| sigma | σ | U+03C3 (963) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter sigma |
| tau | τ | U+03C4 (964) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter tau |
| upsilon | υ | U+03C5 (965) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter upsilon |
| phi | φ | U+03C6 (966) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter phi |
| chi | χ | U+03C7 (967) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter chi |
| psi | ψ | U+03C8 (968) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter psi |
| omega | ω | U+03C9 (969) | HTML 4.0 | greek small letter omega |
| thetasym | ϑ | U+03D1 (977) | HTML 4.0 | greek theta symbol |
| upsih | ϒ | U+03D2 (978) | HTML 4.0 | greek upsilon with hook symbol |
| piv | ϖ | U+03D6 (982) | HTML 4.0 | greek pi symbol |
| ensp | U+2002 (8194) | HTML 4.0 | en space | |
| emsp | U+2003 (8195) | HTML 4.0 | em space | |
| thinsp | U+2009 (8201) | HTML 4.0 | thin space | |
| zwnj | | U+200C (8204) | HTML 4.0 | zero width non-joiner |
| zwj | | U+200D (8205) | HTML 4.0 | zero width joiner |
| lrm | | U+200E (8206) | HTML 4.0 | left-to-right mark |
| rlm | | U+200F (8207) | HTML 4.0 | right-to-left mark |
| ndash | – | U+2013 (8211) | HTML 4.0 | en dash |
| mdash | — | U+2014 (8212) | HTML 4.0 | em dash |
| lsquo | ‘ | U+2018 (8216) | HTML 4.0 | left single quotation mark |
| rsquo | ’ | U+2019 (8217) | HTML 4.0 | right single quotation mark |
| sbquo | ‚ | U+201A (8218) | HTML 4.0 | single low-9 quotation mark |
| ldquo | “ | U+201C (8220) | HTML 4.0 | left double quotation mark |
| rdquo | ” | U+201D (8221) | HTML 4.0 | right double quotation mark |
| bdquo | „ | U+201E (8222) | HTML 4.0 | double low-9 quotation mark |
| dagger | † | U+2020 (8224) | HTML 4.0 | dagger |
| Dagger | ‡ | U+2021 (8225) | HTML 4.0 | double dagger |
| bull | • | U+2022 (8226) | HTML 4.0 | bullet |
| hellip | … | U+2026 (8230) | HTML 4.0 | horizontal ellipsis |
| permil | ‰ | U+2030 (8240) | HTML 4.0 | per mille sign |
| prime | ′ | U+2032 (8242) | HTML 4.0 | prime |
| Prime | ″ | U+2033 (8243) | HTML 4.0 | double prime |
| lsaquo | ‹ | U+2039 (8249) | HTML 4.0 | single left-pointing angle quotation mark |
| rsaquo | › | U+203A (8250) | HTML 4.0 | single right-pointing angle quotation mark |
| oline | ‾ | U+203E (8254) | HTML 4.0 | overline |
| frasl | ⁄ | U+2044 (8260) | HTML 4.0 | fraction slash |
| euro | € | U+20AC (8364) | HTML 4.0 | euro sign |
| image | ℑ | U+2111 (8465) | HTML 4.0 | black-letter capital i |
| weierp | ℘ | U+2118 (8472) | HTML 4.0 | script capital p (Weierstrass p) |
| real | ℜ | U+211C (8476) | HTML 4.0 | black-letter capital r |
| trade | ™ | U+2122 (8482) | HTML 4.0 | trademark sign |
| alefsym | ℵ | U+2135 (8501) | HTML 4.0 | alef symbol |
| larr | ← | U+2190 (8592) | HTML 4.0 | leftwards arrow |
| uarr | ↑ | U+2191 (8593) | HTML 4.0 | upwards arrow |
| rarr | → | U+2192 (8594) | HTML 4.0 | rightwards arrow |
| darr | ↓ | U+2193 (8595) | HTML 4.0 | downwards arrow |
| harr | ↔ | U+2194 (8596) | HTML 4.0 | left right arrow |
| crarr | ↵ | U+21B5 (8629) | HTML 4.0 | downwards arrow with corner leftwards |
| lArr | ⇐ | U+21D0 (8656) | HTML 4.0 | leftwards double arrow |
| uArr | ⇑ | U+21D1 (8657) | HTML 4.0 | upwards double arrow |
| rArr | ⇒ | U+21D2 (8658) | HTML 4.0 | rightwards double arrow |
| dArr | ⇓ | U+21D3 (8659) | HTML 4.0 | downwards double arrow |
| hArr | ⇔ | U+21D4 (8660) | HTML 4.0 | left right double arrow |
| forall | ∀ | U+2200 (8704) | HTML 4.0 | for all |
| part | ∂ | U+2202 (8706) | HTML 4.0 | partial differential |
| exist | ∃ | U+2203 (8707) | HTML 4.0 | there exists |
| empty | ∅ | U+2205 (8709) | HTML 4.0 | empty set |
| nabla | ∇ | U+2207 (8711) | HTML 4.0 | nabla |
| isin | ∈ | U+2208 (8712) | HTML 4.0 | element of |
| notin | ∉ | U+2209 (8713) | HTML 4.0 | not an element of |
| ni | ∋ | U+220B (8715) | HTML 4.0 | contains as member |
| prod | ∏ | U+220F (8719) | HTML 4.0 | n-ary product |
| sum | ∑ | U+2211 (8721) | HTML 4.0 | n-ary summation |
| minus | − | U+2212 (8722) | HTML 4.0 | minus sign |
| lowast | ∗ | U+2217 (8727) | HTML 4.0 | asterisk operator |
| radic | √ | U+221A (8730) | HTML 4.0 | square root |
| prop | ∝ | U+221D (8733) | HTML 4.0 | proportional to |
| infin | ∞ | U+221E (8734) | HTML 4.0 | infinity |
| ang | ∠ | U+2220 (8736) | HTML 4.0 | angle |
| and | ∧ | U+2227 (8743) | HTML 4.0 | logical and |
| or | ∨ | U+2228 (8744) | HTML 4.0 | logical or |
| cap | ∩ | U+2229 (8745) | HTML 4.0 | intersection |
| cup | ∪ | U+222A (8746) | HTML 4.0 | union |
| int | ∫ | U+222B (8747) | HTML 4.0 | integral |
| there4 | ∴ | U+2234 (8756) | HTML 4.0 | therefore |
| sim | ∼ | U+223C (8764) | HTML 4.0 | tilde operator |
| cong | ≅ | U+2245 (8773) | HTML 4.0 | congruent to |
| asymp | ≈ | U+2248 (8776) | HTML 4.0 | almost equal to |
| ne | ≠ | U+2260 (8800) | HTML 4.0 | not equal to |
| equiv | ≡ | U+2261 (8801) | HTML 4.0 | identical to (equivalent to) |
| le | ≤ | U+2264 (8804) | HTML 4.0 | less-than or equal to |
| ge | ≥ | U+2265 (8805) | HTML 4.0 | greater-than or equal to |
| sub | ⊂ | U+2282 (8834) | HTML 4.0 | subset of |
| sup | ⊃ | U+2283 (8835) | HTML 4.0 | superset of |
| nsub | ⊄ | U+2284 (8836) | HTML 4.0 | not a subset of |
| sube | ⊆ | U+2286 (8838) | HTML 4.0 | subset of or equal to |
| supe | ⊇ | U+2287 (8839) | HTML 4.0 | superset of or equal to |
| oplus | ⊕ | U+2295 (8853) | HTML 4.0 | circled plus |
| otimes | ⊗ | U+2297 (8855) | HTML 4.0 | circled times |
| perp | ⊥ | U+22A5 (8869) | HTML 4.0 | up tack |
| sdot | ⋅ | U+22C5 (8901) | HTML 4.0 | dot operator |
| lceil | ⌈ | U+2308 (8968) | HTML 4.0 | left ceiling |
| rceil | ⌉ | U+2309 (8969) | HTML 4.0 | right ceiling |
| lfloor | ⌊ | U+230A (8970) | HTML 4.0 | left floor |
| rfloor | ⌋ | U+230B (8971) | HTML 4.0 | right floor |
| lang | 〈 | U+2329 (9001) | HTML 4.0 | left-pointing angle bracket |
| rang | 〉 | U+232a (9002) | HTML 4.0 | right-pointing angle bracket |
| loz | ◊ | U+25CA (9674) | HTML 4.0 | lozenge |
| spades | ♠ | U+2660 (9824) | HTML 4.0 | black spade suit |
| clubs | ♣ | U+2663 (9827) | HTML 4.0 | black club suit |
| hearts | ♥ | U+2665 (9829) | HTML 4.0 | black heart suit |
| diams | ♦ | U+2666 (9830) | HTML 4.0 | black diamond suit |
↑ A blue background has been used in order to display each space's width.
[edit] Character entities in XHTML
The XHTML DTDs explicitly declare the same 252 character entities as HTML. Also, by virtue of being XML, XHTML documents may reference the apos entity, and additional entities of any size may be defined on a per-document basis. However, the usability of entity references in XHTML is affected by how the document is being processed:
- If the document is read by a conforming HTML processor, then only the 252 HTML character entities can safely be used. The use of
'or custom entity references may not be supported and may produce unpredictable results. - If the document is read by an XML parser that does not or cannot read external entities, then only the five built-in XML character entities can safely be used, although other entities may be used if they are declared in the internal DTD subset.
- If the document is read by an XML parser that does read external entities, then the five built-in XML character entities can safely be used. The other 248 HTML character entities can be used as long as the XHTML DTD is accessible to the parser at the time the document is read. Other entities may also be used if they are declared in the internal DTD subset.
Only ", &, <, and > will work in all processing situations.
