List of Portuguese monarchs

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Afonso Henriques, the first King of Portugal
History of Portugal
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 Timeline of Portuguese history 

This is a list of Portuguese monarchs dating from the independence of Portugal from the kingdom of León in 1128 under Afonso Henriques, who proclaimed himself King in 1139, to the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on October 5, 1910, during the reign of Manuel II, "the Patriot," or "the Missed King." Afonso I was recognized as king, in 1143, by Alfonso VII of León and Castile and, in 1179, by the Pope Alexander III.

It includes the Portuguese rulers from the

Contents

[edit] Historical roots of the Monarchy

Main articles: History of Portugal (711-1112) and History of Portugal (1112-1279)

Portugal originated as a distinct political and national entity in the 9th century, when the first County of Portugal was established by Vímara Peres just after the reconquista of Northern Portugal from the Moors, who ruled very briefly in this area. The County of Portugal's original territory was limited to an area between the Minho and Douro rivers in today's Northern Portugal.

The Iberian political and genealogical forerunners of the Portuguese throne were some of the following:

[edit] House of Vímara Peres

The basis of the Portuguese nationality dates from 868 when Alfonso III of León gave Vímara Peres the lands between the Minho and Douro rivers, in the south of Galicia. In the period of Reconquista, Vímara ruled over a county named after the city of Portucale (today's Oporto) and based in Guimarães.

The First County of Portugal would last for two centuries, until 1071, when Portugal lost its autonomy as the last Count, Nuno Mendes, lost the Battle of Pedroso to Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal, son of Ferdinand I of Castile-León. Garcia II became the first monarch to use the style "King of Portugal".

One year later, in 1072, Garcia was defeated by his brothers and the Portuguese lands were again incorporated into the kingdom of León; this would only last for two decades, until the re-creation of the county of Portugal under Henry, Count of Portugal in 1093.

Name Started Ended Alternative names Title
Vímara 868 873 Vimarano Count of Portugal
Lucídio 873  ? Count of Portugal
Onega
with Diogo		  ? c. 924 Countess of Portugal
Mumadona
with Mendo (I)		 c. 924 c. 950 Countess of Portugal
Gonçalo c. 950 999 Count of Portugal,
magnus dux portucalensium (in 997)
Mendo (II) 999 1008 Count of Portugal
Alvito 1008 1015 Count of Portugal
Ilduara
with Nuno (I)		 1017 1028 Countess of Portugal
Mendo (III) 1028 1050 Count of Portugal
Nuno (II) 1050 1071 Count of Portugal, during the rule
of Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal (1065-1072).

[edit] House of Burgundy

The Second County of Portugal was attributed to Henry of Burgundy, a Burgundian nobleman who had helped fight the Moors in the Reconquista.

When Alfonso VI of Castile gave him the county he intended to secure peace and order in a difficult region, something that the Count of Galicia, Raymond (another Burgundian nobleman) had not managed to do. Henry was a vassal, but soon tried to gain more autonomy for his county and ultimately make it an independent kingdom. This would only happen after his death, under his son, Afonso Henriques.

Name Started Ended Alternative names Title
Henry 1093 1112 Henrique (Portuguese) Count of Portugal
Theresa 1112 1126 Teresa
or Tareja (Old Portuguese)		 Countess of Portugal
Regent of the County
but the de facto ruler
and self-styled Queen of Portugal
Afonso 1126 1139 Alphonzo (English),
Alphonse (English),
Afonso Henriques
(Portuguese alternative),
Affonso (Old Portuguese),
Alfonso (Old Portuguese)
or Alphonso
(Old Portuguese)		 Count of Portugal (until 1128/1129) and
the Prince of Portugal (Dux Portucalensis)

[edit] House of Burgundy, or Afonsine Dynasty, 1143-1383

Main article: History of Portugal (1279-1415)

The foundation of the House of Burgundy is a controversial subject. Some say it started in 1093 with the appointment of Henry of Burgundy as Count of Portugal. Though the House of Burgundy was founded, Portugal was only a county and so the House of Henry of Burgundy cannot be referred to as a Royal House.

The next possible date is the death of Count Henry in 1112 and the succession to the throne of Afonso Henriques, as the second Count of Portugal under the regency of his mother and Henry’s wife, Theresa, who proclaimed herself Queen of Portugal.

In 1128, with the Battle of São Mamede and the end of the civil war, the power was transferred to Afonso Henriques as the sole ruler as Prince of Portugal. He proclaimed himself King of Portugal in 1139. This is commonly accepted as the date of the foundation of the first Portuguese royal house. With Afonso's victory in the Battle of Ourique he was acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers and the Portuguese people. In the same year, according to the legend, he summoned the cortes (estates-general) at Lamego, where he was crowned by the archbishop of Braga.

The year of 1143 also stands as one of the most supported dates for the foundation of the House of Burgundy as the Portuguese royal house. In that year, Afonso I declared himself the direct liegeman of the Papacy and swore himself and the kingdom servants of the Church. It was also in the same year that the Treaty of Zamora established peace between the Portuguese and Castile and Leon with Alfonso VII of Castile recognizing Portugal as an independent kingdom. However, the Church did not recognize Portugal as an independent country with the right to conquer territories from the Moors until 1179 when Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King of Portugal, and some argue that that event marks the beginning of the first royal dynasty of Portugal.

The House of Burgundy corresponds to two different periods of Portuguese History. One is the complex period of implementation of the monarchy and the process of conquest of Moorish lands to the south, which ends in 1249. The second period consists of the creation of structures necessary to a newborn kingdom, such as international diplomacy, agriculture, population, commerce, education and culture.

The House of Burgundy ended in 1383 with the death of Ferdinand I, who had no male heir. The heiress to the throne was Infanta Beatrice, sole daughter of Ferdinand and wife of John I of Castile. The possibility of loss of independence to Castile triggered a civil war and an Interregnum period know as the 1383-1385 Crisis.

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Nickname(s)
1 Afonso I 1139 1185 Alphonzo I (English),
Alphonse I (English),
Afonso Henriques
(Portuguese alternative),
Affonso I (Old Portuguese),
Alfonso I (Old Portuguese)
or Alphonso I
(Old Portuguese)		 the Conqueror (o Conquistador)
The Founder (o Fundador)
the Great (o Grande)
2 Sancho I 1185 1211 Sanctius I (English) the Populator (o Povoador)
3 Afonso II 1211 1223 Alphonzo II (English),
Alphonse II (English),
Affonso II (Old Portuguese),
Alfonso II (Old Portuguese)
or Alphonso II
(Old Portuguese)		 the Fat (o Gordo)
4 Sancho II 1223 1247 Sanctius II (English) the Pious (o Capelo)
the Piteous (o Piedoso)
5 Afonso III 1247 1279 Alphonzo III (English),
Alphonse III,
Affonso III (Old Portuguese),
Alfonso III (Old Portuguese)
or Alphonso III
(Old Portuguese)		 the Bolognian (o Bolonhês)
6 Denis 1279 1325 Dinis (Portuguese) or
Diniz (Old Portuguese)		 the Farmer (o Lavrador)
the Poet-King (o Rei-Poeta)
the Troubadour-King (o Rei-Trovador)
7 Afonso IV 1325 1357 Alphonzo IV (English),
Alphonse IV (English),
Affonso IV (Old Portuguese),
Alfonso IV (Old Portuguese)
or Alphonso IV
(Old Portuguese)		 the Brave (o Bravo)
8 Peter I 1357 1367 Pedro I (Portuguese) the Just (o Justiceiro)
or the Cruel (o Cruel)
the Vengeful (o Vingativo) or
the Until-the-End-of-the-World-In-Love
(o Até-ao-Fim-do-Mundo-Apaixonado)
9 Ferdinand I 1367 1383 Fernando I the Handsome (o Formoso)
the Beautiful (o Belo)
the Fickle (o Inconstante)
the Reckless (o Inconsciente)

[edit] House of Aviz, or Joannine Dynasty, (1385-ca. 1580)

Main articles: Portugal in the period of discoveries, Struggle for the throne of Portugal.

The second dynasty of Portuguese Royalty is known as the House of Aviz, after John, Master of the military Order of Aviz, who later became John I of Portugal.

The institution of House of Aviz followed the dynastic crisis that originated from the death of Ferdinand I in 1383. With the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, John I, half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Pedro I, confirmed the kingship which had been bestowed upon him at the Cortes of Coimbra in April 1385.

This period of Portuguese history is considered to include the ascension of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The first act of expansion was the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and was followed by the exploration, colonization and commerce exercised in Africa, Asia and Brazil. It also includes the height of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign.

John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcazarquivir. He was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, had no children either. Cardinal-King Henry died two years later and the struggle for the throne started between the different claimants, including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato.

Anthony was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, 20 days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of Anthony in the Battle of Alcântara. Although Anthony continued to "rule the country" from the Azores Islands until 1583, the date of 1580 is generally accepted as the end of the House of Aviz as a Portuguese Royal House. The last king of the House of Aviz is subject to debate, with only some historians accepting the period of 20 days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as the reign of Anthony I of Portugal.

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Nickname(s)
10 John I 1385 1433 João I (Portuguese) the One of Good Memory (o de Boa Memória),
the Good (o Bom)
or the Great (o Grande)
11 Edward 1433 1438 Duarte (Portuguese) the Eloquent (o Eloquente) or
the Philosopher-King (o Rei-Filósofo)
12 Afonso V 1438 1481 Alphonzo V (English),
Alphonse V (English),
Affonso V (Old Portuguese)		 the African (o Africano)
13 John II 1481 1495 João II (Portuguese) the Perfect Prince (o Príncipe Perfeito)
or the Tyrant (o Tirano)
14 Manuel I 1495 1521 Emmanuel I (English),
Manoel I (Old Portuguese)		 the Fortunate (o Venturoso,
o Bem-Aventurado or o Afortunado)
15 John III 1521 1557 João III (Portuguese) the Pious (o Piedoso
or o Pio)
16 Sebastian 1557 1578 Sebastião (Portuguese) the Desired (o Desejado)
17 Cardinal Henry 1578 1580 Henrique (Portuguese) the Chaste (o Casto) or
the Cardinal-King (o Cardeal-Rei)
18 Anthony 1580 1580 António (Portuguese) the Prior of Crato (o Prior do Crato)
the Determined (o Determinado)
the Fighter (o Lutador)
the Independentist (o Independentista)

[edit] Portuguese House of Habsburg, or Philippine Dynasty, (1580-1640)

The Portuguese House of Habsburg is known in Portugal as the Philippine Dynasty after the three Spanish kings named Philip who ruled from 1580 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the system known as a Personal Union; these promises were to be progressively forgotten by his successors.

Under Philip II, the Portuguese Empire began to fall apart due to the pressure from the enemies of Spain. Philip III tried to treat Portugal as a Spanish province and Portuguese nobles lost power, which provoked a rising by the nobility in 1640, known as the Restoration of Independence (Portuguese: Restauração da Independência). The revolution began in Lisbon and was soon supported throughout the country and its colonies.

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Nickname(s)
19 (18) Philip I 1581 1598 Filipe I (in Portugal)
Felipe II (in Spain)		 the Prudent (o Prudente)
20 (19) Philip II 1598 1621 Filipe II (in Portugal)
Felipe III (in Spain)		 the Cruel (o Cruel) (in Portugal)
the Pious (el Pio) (in Spain)
21 (20) Philip III 1621 1640 Filipe III (in Portugal)
Felipe IV (in Spain)		 the Oppressor (o Opressor) (in Portugal)
the Great (el Grande) (in Spain)

[edit] House of Braganza, or Brigantine Dynasty, (1640-1910)

Main articles: Portugal from the Restoration to the 1755 Earthquake, Portugal from the Napoleonic Invasions to the Civil War

The House of Braganza traced its origins to 1442 when the Duchy of Braganza was created by Afonso V and offered to his uncle Afonso, a natural son of John I. The royal lineage of dukes that followed married into the House of Aviz and became one of the most important noble families of the country. Catherine, granddaughter of Manuel I, Duchess of Braganza by marriage to John, 6th Duke of Braganza, joined the two houses in 1565. In 1580, she was one of the claimants to the throne, but lost it to Philip II of Spain.

In 1640, with the Restoration of Independence, John, grandson of Catherine and 8th Duke of Braganza, was acknowledged as the legitimate heir to the throne as the great great grandson of Manuel I. The fourth dynasty saw the growth of the importance of Brazilian gold, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the Napoleonic invasion, the independence of Brazil and a civil war followed by Liberalism.

The growth of a republican movement during the end of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th culminated in the 1908 assassination of the second last King of Portugal, Carlos I, and two years later in the 1910 republican revolution that forced Manuel II into exile, thus putting an end to the Portuguese fourth dynasty. The House of Braganza continues unofficially until today, and the title of Duke of Braganza is still used by Duarte Pio, the 24th Duke of Bragança and the presumptive heir to the throne of Portugal.

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Nickname(s)
22 (21) John IV 1640 1656 João IV (Portuguese) the Restoring King (o Restaurador)
the Fortunate (o Afortunado)
23 (22) Afonso VI 1656 1667 Alphonzo VI (Portuguese),
Alphonse VI (English),
Affonso VI (Old Portuguese)		 the Victorious (o Vitorioso)
24 (23) Peter II 1667 1706 Pedro II (Portuguese) the Pacific (o Pacífico)
25 (24) John V 1706 1750 João V (Portuguese) the Magnanimous (o Magnânimo)
the Magnific (o Magnífico)
the Portuguese Sun-King
(o Rei-Sol Português)
26 (25) Joseph I 1750 1777 José I (Portuguese) the Reformer (o Reformador)
27 (26) Maria I
with Peter III		 1777 1816 Mary I (English alternative)
and Pedro III (Portuguese)		 the Pious (a Piedosa)
the Mad (a Louca)
the
28 (27) John VI 1816 1826 João VI (Portuguese) the Clement (o Clemente)
29 (28) Pedro IV 1826 1826 Peter IV (English)
or Pedro I (in Brazil)		 the Soldier-King (o Rei-Soldado)
the Emperor-King (o Rei-Imperador)
the Liberator (o Libertador)
30 (29) Maria II 1826 1828 Mary II (English alternative) the Educator (a Educadora)
the Good-Mother (a Boa-Mãe)
31 (30) Miguel 1828 1834 Michael (English) the Traditionalist (o Tradicionalista),
the Usurper (o Usurpador)
or the Absolutist (o Absolutista)
the Absolut-King (o Rei Absoluto)
- Maria II with
Ferdinand II
(from 1836)		 1834 1853 Mary II (English alternative),
and Fernando II (Portuguese)		 the Educator (a Educadora)

[edit] Braganza-Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (or Braganza-Wettin) branch

Main article: Portugal in the 19th century

With the marriage of Mary II, Queen of Portugal, to Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha during the 4th Dynasty, the House of Braganza continued (according to some historians) as the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Nickname(s)
32 (31) Pedro V 1853 1861 Peter V (English) the Hopeful (o Esperançoso)
the Loved One (o Bem-Amado)
the Much Loved (o Muito Amado)
33 (32) Luís I 1861 1889 Louis (English),
Lewis (English alternative),
Luiz (Old Portuguese)		 the Popular (o Popular)
the Good (o Bom)
34 (33) Carlos I 1889 1908 Charles (English) the Martyred (o Martirizado)
or the Diplomat (o Diplomata)
the Martyr (o Mártir)
the Oceanographer (o Oceanógrafo)
35 (34) Manuel II 1908 1910 Emmanuel II (English),
Manoel II (Old Portuguese)		 the Patriot (o Patriota)
the Unfortunate (o Desventurado)
the Scholar (o Estudioso) or
the Missed King (o Rei-Saudade)

The chronology of leaders of Portugal continues on Presidents of Portugal.

[edit] Style

  • King of Portugal (1139-1189)
  • King of Portugal and Silves and/or Algarve (1189-1191)
  • King of Portugal (1191-1249)
  • King of Portugal and the Algarve (1249-1415)
  • King of Portugal and the Algarve, Lord of Ceuta (1415-1458)
  • King of Portugal and the Algarve, Lord of Ceuta and of Alcácer in Africa (1458-1471)
  • King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa (1471-1485)
  • King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea (1485-1499)
  • King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea & of the Conquest, Navigation, & Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, & India (1499-1815)
  • King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea & of the Conquest, Navigation, & Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India (1815-1825)
  • King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea & of the Conquest, Navigation, & Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India (1825-1910)

[edit] Sources

  • Sousa, D. Antonio Caetano de. Historia Genealogica da Casa Real Portuguesa. 12v. [with supplementary vols. and index vols., actually 26v.] Coimbra: Atlantida-Livraria Eds., 1946. [originally published 1735-49].

[edit] See also

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[edit] External links

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