List of European folk music traditions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lists of folk music traditions
North, Central, South American and the Caribbean
Asia: East, Central, North, South, Southeast
Europe: Northern, Eastern, Southeastern, Southern, Western
Middle East and North Africa: Southwest Asia
Oceania and Australia: Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia
Sub-Saharan Africa: Central, East, Southern and West

This is a list of folk music traditions, with styles, dances, instruments and other related topics. The term folk music can not be easily defined in a precise manner; it is used with widely-varying definitions depending on the author, intended audience and context within a work. Similarly, the term traditions in this context does not connote any strictly-defined criteria. Music scholars, journalists, audiences, record industry individuals, politicians, nationalists and demagogues may often have occasion to address which fields of folk music are distinct traditions based along racial, geographic, linguistic, religious, tribal or ethnic lines, and all such peoples will likely use different criteria to decide what constitutes a "folk music tradition". This list uses the same general categories used by mainstream, primarily English-language, scholarly sources, as determined by relevant statements of fact and the internal structure of works.

These traditions may coincide entirely, partially or not at all with geographic, political, linguistic or cultural boundaries. Very few, if any, music scholars would claim that there are any folk music traditions that can be considered specific to a distinct group of people and with characteristics undiluted by contact with the music of other peoples; thus, the folk music traditions described herein overlap in varying degrees with each other.

[edit] Europe

Country Elements Dance Instrumentation Other topics
Albanian [1] aheng - ballad (lieder) - epic (këngë trimash, këngë kreshnikësh) - kaba - kantadha - Kefalonitika - këputje fjalësh - Korçare - lament - llazore - lullaby - maje krahi - Albanian iso-polyphony - prcjellsi - rapsodi - saze orchestra - serenata - wedding music - work song ajsino oro - arnaöut - Osman Taka - pušteno - sherianqe - shota - valle bousouk - buzuk - cifteli - clarinet - dajreja - def - fyell - grrneta (clarinet) - lahuta (fiddle) - llautë (lute) - lodra - mandolin - sharki - violin - zumarë (clarinet) kurbet - pare
Andalusian See Spanish - - -
Andorran See Catalan - - -
Arbereshi See Albanian - - -
Austrian [2] Faschingsbriefe - Schnadahüpfl (Gstanzl, Gsetzl, Trutzgsangl) - schrammelmusik - string quartet - Wienalied - yodeling (Jodler, Wullaza, Hullaza, Almer) - Zettellandler Volkstanz: Blasmusik - Boarischer - Eiswalzer - Hiatamadl - Jägermarsch - Kontratänze - Krebspolka - Kreuzpolka - Kuckuckspolka - landler - ländler - Lunzer Boarischer - mazurka - Neudeutscher - polka - Poschater Zwoaschritt - Rediwa (Sprachinseltänze - Schnitterhüpfer - schuhplattler (Plattler) - Rheinländer - Siebenschritt - Steirischer - Studentenpolka - Zwiefacher - waltz [3] accordion - alphorn - clarinet - double bass (contrabass) - dulcimer - fiddle - flute - grazer - guimbard (Jew's harp) - guitar - harp - Styrian harmonica (accordion) - tamburica - trumpet - violin - zither heurigan - tracht - Volkssänger
Auvergnat See French - - -
Balearic Islander See Catalan - - -
Basque [4] bertsolaritza - bikoa - chant - choir - dawn song - errena - trikitixa Abaltzisketa - arin arin - Aurresku - azeri - baso - basauri - Berastegi - Beti Alai Arku - brokel - dantzari - Donostia-San Sebastian - Euskaldunak - ezpata - eztai-soinu - garay - gizon - Ingurutxo - jorrai - Karrika-Soinu (biribilketa) - larrain - legazpi - makil - Markina-Xemein - Matelota - Miel Otxin - mutildantza - Muxico (Mutico) - paloteados - sagar - San Juan - soka - sorgin - troquel - txino - Uztai Txiki - Yantza-Luze - zagi - zortziko alboka (double clarinet) - atabal (bass drum) - chirula - gaïta - harriparta - Kirikoketa - makilak (sticks) - pandereta - silbote - tarogato - tenora (shawm) - tobera - trikitrixa (concertina) - ttun-ttun (drum) - txalaparta - txistu (whistle) - txun-txun - xirula (flute) aintzara-yoku - alardes - Basque picnic - dantzaris - herren - kolaris - mascarada - Pastoral - religious procession - txakun
Bavarian See German - - -
Belarusan
Bohemian See Czech - - -
Bosnian [5] gange - gusle - ilahije - izvorna bosanska muzika - Ladino song - novokomponovana narodna muzika - ravne pjesme - sevdalinka (sevdah) [6] line dance - kolo accordion - bagpipe - clarinet - daire - double bass - flute - guitar - sargija (lute) - saz - snare drum - violin sijela
Breton [7] bagad (bagadoù, pipe band) - chant de marin (sea shanty) - couples de sonneurs (sonner par couple) - gwerz (gwerzioù) - kan a boz - kan ha diskan - kantik (hymn) - kost ar c'hoat - quête - sôn (sonioù) an dros (an dro) - bals - plinn - fisel - gavotte - jabadao - hanter dro - laridé (ridée) - pach-pi - rond accordion - binou (bagpipe, kozh, braz, bihan, pib veur) - binou braz - bombarde (oboe) - hurdy-gurdy - telenn (harp) - treujenn-gaol (clarinet, trognon d'chou) - veuze (bagpipe) - violon (violin, fiddle) chanteurs engagés (protest singer) - Dastum - diskaner - fest-noz (festou noz, bal breton) - kaner - roots revival - sonerion
Bulgarian [8] choir - Koleduvane - kopanica - Laduvane - Lazaruvane - na trapeza - wedding music Horo: acano mlada nvesto (line dance) - buchimish (line dance) - chetvorno - chope - daichovo (line dance) - dunavsko - elenino (line dance) - eleno mome - iove male mome - kopanica - kopanitsa (line dance, gankino) - nestinari - paidushko - petrunino - povarnato (devetorka) - pravo horo (line dance) - rachenitsa (ruchenitsa, couple dance) - sandansko - sedenka - sedi donka - trite puti (line dance) - tropoli clarinet - kaba gaida - kaval (flute) - gadulka - gaida (bagpipe) - tambura (lute) - tarabuka (drum) - tǔpan (drum) Koprivshtitsa - nestinarstvo - sedyanki
Burgenland Croat See Croatian - - -
Calabrian See Italian - - -
Castilian See Spanish - - -
Catalan [9] ball the bastons - ball de gitanes - besones - caramelles - cercaviles - colla - colles diableres - cobla - galops - gloses (glosada, estribot) - gotxos - habanera - ida y vuelta - lullaby - passos - porfèdia - redoblada - regateix - redoblat - uc - work song bolero - contrapàs - copeo - cossiers - habaneres - jota - marratxa - mateixa - sa filera - Saint Anne's dance - sardana (circle dance) - sardana curta - sardana llarga - sardana de lluïment - sardana revessa - ses dotze rodades - ses nou rodades bandúrria - bimbau (Jew's harp) - castanet - fiscorn (horn) - flabiol (flute) - gralla (oboe) - guitarró (guitar) - sac de gemecs (bagpipe, coixinera, caterineta, borrega, manxa borrega, bot, noia verda, mossa verda, ploranera, sac de les aspres, buna, cornamusa) - tambori - tambourine - tarota (oboe) - tenora (shawm) - tible - xeremia (clarinet) - ximbomba cantada - correfoc - esbartades - sonador - vetlada - xacota
Cham See Albanian - - -
Channel Islands [10] bachîn ringing bérouisse - cotillion - danse des chapieaux (the hat dance) - ronde (round dance) - sonneur accordion - bachîn - chifournie (hurdy gurdy) - violin
Cornish [11] Cornish carol cushion dance - jig - hornpipe - reel - troyll bagpipe - bombarde - crowdy crawn (croder croghen) - fiddle (crowd) - hand drum - harp gorsedd
Corsican See French - - -
Croatian [12] bećarac - deseterac - epic poetry - klapa - tamburica band - tamburitza drme - kolo (round dance) - lindjo - moreska (Korcula sword dance) - zvecke accordion - berda - bisernice - brac - bugarija - clarinet - curla - diple - fiddle - gange - gusle - lijerica (lirica, fiddle) - roznica - samica - sargija (dulcimer) - sopila - tambura (mandolin) - tamburica - violin - zither Istrian scale - kukeri
Cypriot See Greek or Turkish - - -
Czech [13] Národní písni: cimbalom band - gajdošská (bagpipe band) - hudecká (fiddle band) - lidovka (lidovky) - skřipácká - old Prague song (staropražské písničky) - tramp music (trampská hudba) polka - sedlácká - táhlá - verbunk (Slovácko verbuňk) accordion - bagpipe - cimbalom - clarinet - double bass - fiddle - viola - violin
Dalmatian See Croatian - - -
Danish [14] fanik - firtur - hopsa - polka - pols - rheinlænder - schottische - sønderhoning - trekanter - tretur - vals accordion - fiddle - piano -
Dutch [15] mâtelot - mazurka - polka - Seven Sault - waltz accordion - doedelzak - guitar - hurdy-gurdy - pijpzak - violin
Emilian See Italian - - -
English [16] broadside ballad - Child ballad - wassailing [17] clogging - country dance - horn dance - hornpipe - long sword - Maypole dance - morris dance - rapper dance accordion - concertina - fiddle - mouth organ - Northumbrian smallpipe ballad meter - obby oss
Estonian [18] runo-song - swing-song polka accordion - bagpipe - concertina - fiddle - hiiu-kannel - kannel - tallharpa - trumpet - whistle - zither Kalevipoeg
Faroese [19] kingosalmar - kvæði - skjaldur - tættir - visur circle dance - Faroe two-step
Finnish [20] itku - rekilaulu - runolaulu humppa - jenkka - mazurka - minuet - pelimanni - polka - purpuri - schottische - waltz accordion - clarinet - fiddle - harmonium - horn - jouhikko - kantele - tallharpa - whistle Kalevala
Flemish [21]
Florentine See Italian - - -
Formentera See Catalan - - -
Frisian [22] galop - polka - skoetsploech - skots - wals accordion - fiddle - melodeon - rommelpot
French [23] bal-musette - Corsican polyphonic song - paghjella - regret bourrée - branle - contredanse - farandole - quadrille - rigaudon aboè - accordion - bodega - boha - cabrette - chabrette - cornemuse - fifre - galoubet - graille - grand cornemuse - hurdy-gurdy - pifre - tambourin - violin
Galician [24] coplas verdes - alalá - alborada - pasacalles - carballesa - ribeirana danza de damas e galáns - jota - muiñeira - pasodobre - rumba acordeón - cadro - clarinete - gaita - pandeireta - pandeiro - tamboril - tarrañolas
Gascon See French - - -
Genoese See Italian - - -
German[25] anacrusis - German ballad - volksmusik - yodeling bacchu-ber - perchtentanz - schuhplatteltanz - waltz alphorn - zupfgeige Kriegspiele - Stadtfeste
Gheg See Albanian - - -
Greek [26] amané - dhimotika tragoudhia - kalanda - kantadhes - kleftiko - Klephtic song - miroloyia - nisiotika - rebetiko - skaros - taxim - tis tavlas çifte telli - hasaposerviko - kalamatiano - karsilama - khasapiko - syrto - tsamiko - zebekiko askomandra - baglamas - bouzouki - daouli - defi - gaïdla - kavali - kithara - klarino - laouto - lautokithara - lyra - outi - santouri - toumberleki - tsambouna - violi - zournas demotiki - dromoi - manges - paniriyia - rebetes - tekes
Gypsy See Roma (Gypsy) - - -
Hungarian [27] hajnali - parlando-rubato - tempo-giusto - verbunkos csardas - legenyes - szolo - verbunkos bagpipe - cimbalom - cowbell - fiddle - gardon - hurdy-gurdy - violin - zither tanchaz
Ibiza See Catalan - - -
Icelandic [28] organum - rimur ballad dancing fidla - langspil saga
Irish [29] aisling - amhrain - ballad - bard - caoineadh - diddling - drinking song - Fonn Mall - harp music - keening (lament, caoning) - macaronic song - Ossian ballad (Fenian ballad) - rebel song - reverdie - sean nós carol - céilidh - clogging - highland - hornpipe - jig - polka - quadrille - reel - slide - slip jig - step dance - strathspey accordion - bodhrán - bouzouki - concertina - fiddle - flute - guitar - harp - uilleann pipe - whistle [30] American wake conyach - crack - feis - fleadh - session
Istrian See Croatian - - -
Italian [31] baride - endecasillabo - gozo - maggio - Sardinian polyphony - tammorriata - trallalero - villanella ciociora - forlana - ruggera - saltarello - siciliana - su ballu - tarantella - trescona accordion - clapper - clarinet - flute - guitar - Jew's harp - launedda - lira - mandolin - melodeon - ocarina - panpipe - piffero - rattle - tamburello - tamorra - tamura - violin - zampogna tarantolati
Karelian See Finnish - - -
Kosovar See Albanian - - -
Kvarnerian See Croatian - - -
Lab See Albanian - - -
Latvian [32] balss - daina - dziesma - ligotne - runo-song - sadzives - zinge citara - dulcimer - kokle
Lithuanian [33] daino - dvejines - keturines - sutartines - trejines polka - quadrille - rateliai - waltz accordion - balalaika - bandoneon - basetle - birbynes - clarinet - concertina - daudytes - fiddle - guitar - harmonica - kankle - lamzdeliai - mandolin - pusline - ragai - sekminiu ragelis - skuduciai - svilpas - tabala
Lombard See Italian - - -
Mallorca See Catalan - - -
Manx [34] Carvalyn Gailckagh - lament - Manx carol
Macedonian [35] calgia - narodni orkestri accordion - cemane - clarinet - def - dzumbus - gajda - kanun - kaval - supelka - tambura - tarabuka - tupan - ut - zurla narodna muzika - nove narodne pesme novokomponirana
Minorca See Catalan - - -
Moldovan See Romanian - - -
Montenegrin [36] Montenegrin epic poetry gusle
Moravian See Czech - - -
Neapolitan See Italian - - -
Norwegian [37] bansuller - kveding - halling - laling - lokking - Norwegian ballad - slattar - stev - tralling brumarsj - bygdedan - gammeldans - gangnar - halling - pols - rull - springar - springdans - springleik bukkehorn - fiddle - Hardanger fiddle - harp - langeleik - lur - Meraker - seljefløyte - trekspel - tungehorn kappleikar
Occitan See French - - -
Piedmontese See Italian - - -
Pityusan Islander See Catalan - - -
Polish [38] lidyzowanie chodzony - cimbaŀy - krakowiak - krzesany - mazurka - obertass - ozwodna - polka - polonaise - zboknicki cello - diable skryzypce - fiddle - gensle - kozio - maryna - mazanka - suka - violin dozynki
Portugal [39] castiço - fado - modinha - Romanceiro - tamborileiro - zés-pereiras dança dos homens - fofa - lundum adufe - bandolim - bexigoncelo - bombo - briquinho - caixa - cântaro com abanho - castanholas - cavaquinho - concertina - concha - ferrinhos - flauta pastoril - gaita-de-foles - genebres - guitarra - pandeireta - pandeiro - pifaro - reco-reco - sanfona - sarronça - tamboril - transcanholas - viola - zaclitracs fadista - ranchos folclóricos - saudade
Provenç See French - - -
Puglian See Italian - - -
Roma (Gypsy) [40] bulerías - calgia - cantes - cimbalom - fandango - fasil - flamenco - jaleo - koumpaneia - loki djili - oral-bassing - siguiriyas - soleares - taksim - tientos - tangos alegrias - belly dance - bulerías - farruca - garrotin - marianas - moritas - khelimaske djili accordion - buzuq - cimbalom - clarinet - cümbüş - darbuka - davul - djumbus - dombak - kaman - kanun - ney - rebab - tabla - ud - violin - zurna braceos - cuadro - juerga - Karagöz shadow theatre - taraf
Romanian [41] ballad - colinde - doina - lament - taraf - Transylvanian wedding music briu - fluier - geamparale - hora - sirba cetera - cimbalom - cobza - doba - double bass - fiddle - nai - taragot - viola - violin - zongora capra
Rousillon See Catalan - - -
Russian [42] byliny - chastushka - plachi - protiazhnaia pesnia - wedding music - zmires broyges tants - kaketke - kozatske - krakovyak - khorovodi - mitsve tants - sher - shrayer accordion - balalaika - domra - tsimbl badkhn - fakelore
Sami [43] joik - lavlu gievri - kobdas noaite
Sardinian See Italian - - -
Scottish [44] ballad - Border ballad - bothy ballad - brosnachadh - cauld wind pipe - ceol beg - ceol mor - flyting - lilt - muckle sang - pibroch - piobaireachd - psalm - puirt-a-beul (mouth music) - Scottish work song - Shetland fiddling - trowie - urlar - waulking song battement - Highland fling - hornpipe - jig - minuet - quickstep - reel - shean treuse - strathspey - sword dance accordion - Border pipe - clarsach - concertina - fiddle - flute - gue - harp - Highland pipes - Lowland pipe - pastoral pipe - pibroch - smallpipe - tin whistle Cape Breton fiddling - conyach - Feisean - mod - tryst
Serbian [45] izvorna - narodna muzika - novokomponovana narodna muzika - sevdalinka [46] cocek - kolo - sa-sa frula - gaida - gusle - sargija - tamburitza - tupan - violin
Sicilian See Italian - - -
Slavonian See Croatian - - -
Slovak [47] cardas cello - flute - fujara - gajdy - violin
Slovenian [48] velike goslarije - Slovenian harmony singing meh - panpipe - sopile - zither
Spanish [49] copla - jaleo - jota - Romanceiro aragonesas - bolero - bolerio viejo o parado - cachuca - chaconne - danza Antigua de Hermigua - Danza del Paloteo y el Cordón a La Virgen de La Piedad - Danza del Cordón, de la Carrera y del Paloteo al Cristo de la Viga - Danza de las ánimas - Danza de los Diablos - danzantes y pecados - S'a llarga y S'a curta - S'escandalari - fandango - gallega - gitana - jota - jota de vendimia - malagueñas - manchegas - meloneras - milonga - mollaras - murciano - panaderos - quipuzcoanas - seguidilla - sevillana - soleares - torrás - valldemosa - vallenciana - verdiales - zambra - zarabanda castanet - chacara (large castanet) - dulzaina - guitarra - mandolin - tambourine caf&eacute cantates - duende - juerga
Swedish [50] ballad - halling - kulning - laling - lockrop - lokking cobbler's dance - daldans - gammaldans - gangar - kadriljs - pols - polska (polskor) - rudl - runddans - skralat - springar - springdans - springleik - vafva vadna - vingakersdans ackordcittra - dragspel - fiddle - hackbräde - hummel - mungiga - nyckelharpa - säckpipa - sälgpipa - skalmeja - spelpipa - stråkharpa - vevlira spelmanslag - Zorn Badge
Swiss [51] yodeling alphorn
Tosk See Albanian - - -
Transylvanian See Hungarian and Romanian - - -
Turkish [52] türkü - uzun hava duduk - klemence - ney - saz - zurna Huseni
Ukrainian [53] dumy - troista muzyka kolomyjka bandura - fiddle - floyara - frilka - kobza - lira - sopilka - trembita - tsymbaly - tylynka kobzari - lirnyky - pryspiv - zaspiv
Valencian See Catalan - - -
Venetian See Italian - - -
Vlach [54] bagpipe - fiddle Pomana
Walloon [55] fiddle
Wales [56] pennillion - Welsh choral music clogging (Welst step dance) - hornpipe - twmpath crwth - pibacwd - pibcorn - Welsh harp (triple harp) dategeiniad - eisteddfod - gwerin - gwyl werin

[edit] References

  • Bohlman, Philip V., Bruno Nettl, Charles Capwell, Thomas Turino and Isabel K. F. Wong (1997). Excursions in World Music, Second edition, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-230632-8.
  • Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham (eds.) (2000). Rough Guide to World Music, First edition, London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
  • Glossary of Folk Musical Instruments & Styles from Around the World. Hobgoblin Info Source. Retrieved on April 20, 2006.
  • Kinney, Troy and Margaret West (1935). The Dance: Its Place in Art and Life. Tudor Publishing.
  • Manuel, Peter (1988). Popular Musics of the Non-Western World. New York: Oxford University Press. 0195053427.
  • (2001) Mathieson, Kenny (Ed.): Celtic Music. Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-623-8.
  • McKinney, Howard D. and W. R. Anderson (1966). Music in History: The Evolution of an Art. New York: American Book Company.
  • Ritchie, Fiona (2004). The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Celtic Music. New York: Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 039953071.
  • Nettl, Bruno (1965). Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Sawyers, June Skinner (2000). Celtic Music: A Complete Guide, First Edition, Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81007-7.
  • War Type Dances. Dance History Archives at StreetSwing.com. Retrieved on April 3, 2006.
  • Fujie, Linda, James T. Koetting, David P. McAllester, David B. Reck, John M. Schechter, Mark Slobin and R. Anderson Sutton (1992). Jeff Todd Titan (Ed.): Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples, Second Edition, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-872602-2.
  • International Dance Glossary. World Music Central. Retrieved on April 3, 2006.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Burton, Kim, "The Eagle Has Landed", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 1 - 6; World Music Central; Koco, Eno. Albanian Music. Leeds-Tiranë: University of Leeds. Retrieved on August 28, 2005.; Bashkim Braho: Albanian folk dance. Massachusetts Cultural Council. Retrieved on April 3, 2006.
  2. ^ Bohlman, pg. 210; Wagner, Christoph, "Soul Music of Old Vienna", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 13 - 15; *"Volksmusik", "Unterhaltungsmusik", "Kammermusik", "Blasmusik", "Schnadahüpfl" and "Jodler". AEIOU. Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
  3. ^ The landler and the ländler are not the same dance, despite the similarity in name
  4. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 109 - 112; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Jan Fairley, "Music of the Regions" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 103 - 113 and pgs. 292 - 297; World Music Central; Folk music and poetry. Bizkaia.net. Retrieved on April 20, 2006.; Hobgoblin Info Source; TAP Program Notes. Traditional Arts Program. Retrieved on April 20, 2006.; What is the Txistu?. Txistulari.com. Retrieved on April 20, 2006.Txalaparta. Irish World Academy of Music and Dance. Retrieved on April 20, 2006.; Murua, Angel (1993). “Folklore and Traditions”, The Basque Country, Come and then pass the word, 2nd Edition, Gobierno Vasco, Departamento de Comercio, Consuma, y Turismo. Viceconsejeria de Turismo. Retrieved on 2006-04-17.
  5. ^ Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pg. 31 - 35; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 167 - 207; Art. Bosnians, Their History and Culture. Retrieved on April 20, 2006.
  6. ^ The novokomponovana narodna muzika style is clearly not folk music in a scholarly sense, but may be more loosely termed traditional
  7. ^ Ritchie, pgs. 49, 60, 79; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, "Music of the Regions" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 103 - 113; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 14 - 15, 58, 133; World Music Central; Winick, Steven D., "Brittany", in Mathieson, pgs. 110 - 139; Ceolas; Winick, Stephen D. (Summer 1995). "Breton Folk Music, Breton Identity, And Alan Stivell's Again". Journal of American Folklore 108 (429). Retrieved on 2006-04-17.
  8. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 84; Burton, Kim, "The Mystery Voice", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 36 - 45; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 167 - 207; Vollan, Ståle Tvete (1999). Bulgarsk folkemusikk - musikktradisjon og feltarbeid (in Norwegian). Retrieved on March 2006.; May It Fill Your Soul. Central Europe Review. Retrieved on April 19, 2006.; Bulgarian Folk Instruments. Lark in the Morning: A World of Music. Retrieved on April 19, 2006.; Bulgarian dances. Eliznik Romania. Retrieved on April 19, 2006.; Kopanica (Sopluk & Trakia, Bulgaria). Dunav. Retrieved on April 19, 2006.
  9. ^ Catalan folk music can be taken to not include the music of the Balearic Islands; however, for the purposes of this list, the islands are included with Catalonia; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Jan Fairley, "Music of the Regions" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 103 - 113 and pgs. 292 - 297; (1980) “Spain”, Stanley Sadie (Ed): The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 1-56159-174-2.; Hobgoblin Info Source; Report and Projects: Music in the Balearic and Pityusan Islands. Judith R.Cohen, Esperança Bonet Roig and Manel Frau. Retrieved on April 23, 2006.; For Culture Lovers. FEVA. Retrieved on September 28, 2005.
  10. ^ Johnson, Henry. Maintaining and Creating Heritage (pdf), Small Island Cultures Research Initiative. Retrieved on 2006-04-29.
  11. ^ Ritchie, pg. 48; ; Sawyer, pgs. 16 - 17; Cornish Music. Real Cornwall. Retrieved on May 1, 2006.
  12. ^ Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo" and "Toe Tapping Tamburicas", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pg. 31 - 35 and pgs. 46 - 48; Present. Folk Ensemble Filip Devic. Retrieved on May 5, 2006.; The Moreska Dance. Korcula.net. Retrieved on May 6, 2006.; (October 2000) "Croatia: A Diverse Culture". Footnotes (59). Retrieved on May 6, 2006.
  13. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 91; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 49 - 57; Folk Music. MSN Encarta. Retrieved on June 13, 2006.
  14. ^ Cronshaw, Andrew, "A New Pulse for the Pols", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 58 - 63
  15. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Bloemendaal, Wim, "Tilting at Windmills" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 207 - 210; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163
  16. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Ritchie, pg. 73; Irwin, Colin, "England's Changing Roots", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 64 - 82; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 99 - 100; World Music Central
  17. ^ Nettl notes that broadside ballads were primarily a form of popular music, but that many such ballads entered the folk repertoire.
  18. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Cronshaw, "Singing Revolutions", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 16 - 24
  19. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "A New Pulse for the Pols", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 58 - 63
  20. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75, 87; Cronshaw, Andrew, "New Runes", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 91 - 102
  21. ^ Rans, Paul, "Flemish, Walloon and Global Fusion", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 25 - 30
  22. ^ Bloemendaal, Wim, "Tilting at Windmills" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 207 - 210
  23. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 102 - 106; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Alessio Surian, "Music of the Regions" and "Tenores and Tarantellas" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 103 - 113 and pgs. 189 - 201; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163
  24. ^ Ritchie, pgs. 51, 76; Jan Fairley, "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 292 - 297; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 19; World Music Central
  25. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75, 80; Hunt, Ken, "Kraut Kaunterblast" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 114 - 125; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163
  26. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pgs. 127 - 132; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 92; Dubin, Marc and George Pissalidhes, "Songs of the Near East" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 126 - 142
  27. ^ Bohlman, pg. 199; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Broughton, Simon, "A Musical Mother Tongue" and "Taraf Traditions"in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 159 - 167 and pgs. 237 - 247; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 167 - 207; Kinney, pgs. 190 - 192; World Music Central
  28. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Waiting for the Thaw" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 168 - 169
  29. ^ Ritchie, pgs. 15 - 17, 32 - 33, 60, 67, 72, 74 - 75, 77, 80 - 81; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; O'Connor, Nuala, "Dancing at the Virtual Crossroads" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 170 - 188; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 7 - 10, 36 - 37, 55 - 56, 101 - 105, 111 - 112, 117 - 121, 172 - 176, 232 - 233
  30. ^ The bouzouki is a relatively recent import that is often considered to not be a traditional instrument. O'Connor, however, acknowledges that though "it might seem odd", the bouzouki has "taken firm root" in traditional music.
  31. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 106 - 109; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Alessio Surian, "Music of the Regions" and "Tenores and Tarantellas" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 103 - 113 and pgs. 189 - 201; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163; World Music Central
  32. ^ Cronshaw, "Singing Revolutions", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 16 - 24
  33. ^ Cronshaw, "Singing Revolutions", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 16 - 24
  34. ^ Ritchie, pg. 43; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 17 - 18
  35. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pgs. 137 - 139; Burton, Kim, "Tricky Rhythms" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 202 - 206
  36. ^ Burton, Kim, "Balkan Beats" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 273 - 276
  37. ^ Bohlman, pg. 210; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Fjords and Fiddles" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 211 - 218; Sawyers, pgs. 79 - 81; World Music Central
  38. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 91 - 92; Broughton, Simon, "Hanging on in the Highlands" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 219 - 224; Kinney, pgs. 190 - 191; World Music Central
  39. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pg. 115; Cronshaw, Andrew and Paul Vernon, "Traditional Riches, Fate and Revolution" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 225 - 236
  40. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pg. 121, 165; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 115 - 116; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 49 - 57; Broughton, Simon, "Kings and Queens of the Road" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 146 - 158; Kinney, pgs. 121 - 155; World Music Central
  41. ^ Broughton, Simon, "Taraf Traditions" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 237 - 247; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 167 - 207
  42. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 87; Broughton, Simon and Tatiana Didenko, "Music of the People" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 248 - 254; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 167 - 207
  43. ^ Cronshaw, Andrew, "Joiks of the Tundra" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 255 - 260
  44. ^ Ritchie, pgs. 15 - 16, 18, 38 - 39, 40 - 41, 62, 66, 71 - 73, 80; Heywood, Pete and Colin Irwin, "From Strathspeys to Acid Croft" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 261 - 272; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 10 - 13, 36 - 37, 39, 80 - 82, 88 - 101, 113 - 116, 121 - 126, 131 - 133, 146, 162 - 164, 202
  45. ^ Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pg. 31 - 35; Burton, Kim, "Balkan Beats" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 273 - 276; Kinney, pgs. 189 - 190
  46. ^ narodna muzika and novokomponovana narodna muzika translate respectively as folk music and newly-composed folk music; Burton describes both terms as perhaps vague, referring sometimes to traditionally-styled music or outright modern, popular music, which would not qualify as true folk music under any common scholarly definition; Burton also notes that many novokomponovana narodna muzika songs reflect a more Bosnian character than Serbian or Montenegrin.
  47. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 91; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 49 - 57
  48. ^ Burton, Kim, "The Sound of Austro-Slavs" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 277 - 278
  49. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 113 - 117; Cronshaw, Andrew and Paul Vernon, and Jan Fairley, "Traditional Riches, Fate and Revolution" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 225 - 236 and pgs. 292 - 297; Kinney, pgs. 121 - 155; McKinney and Anderson, pgs. 614 - 616; World Music Central
  50. ^ Bohlman, pg. 210; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Fjords and Fiddles" and "A Devil of a Polska" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 211 - 218 and pgs. 298 - 307; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163; World Music Central
  51. ^ Hunt, Ken, "Kraut Kaunterblast" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 114 - 125; Kinney, pgs. 156 - 163
  52. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pgs. 163 - 165
  53. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 87; Kochan, Alexs and Julian Kytasty, "The Bandura Played On" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 308 - 312
  54. ^ Burton, Kim, "Balkan Beats" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 273 - 276
  55. ^ Rans, Paul, "Flemish, Walloon and Global Fusion", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 25 - 30
  56. ^ Ritchie, pgs. 4, 44 - 46, 71; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 53 - 75; Price, William, "Harps, Bards and the Gwerin" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 313 - 319; ; Sawyer, pgs. 5, 13 - 14, 38 - 39
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